Table 2.
Intervention Outcomes: Means and Standard Deviations with Effect Sizes
| Control group | Intervention group | Effect size (partial η2) |
p
value |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome variable Pre-Tx | Post-Tx | Pre-Tx | Post-Tx | |||
| Mother Awareness, ER, & EC | ||||||
| Emotion awareness | 96.22 (4.76) | 97.25 (3.85) | 96.23 (4.90) | 99.00 (4.62) | .058* | .23 |
| Emotion coaching | 59.94 (4.86) | 58.88 (2.80) | 58.76 (5.08) | 61.80 (5.74) | .109** | .10 |
| ER (RSA) | 5.52 (1.10) | 5.44 (1.49) | 5.30 (2.12) | 5.76 (1.43) | .041* | .32 |
| Mother Parenting Behaviors & Efficacy | ||||||
| Mothers’ Validation | .21 (.72) | .27 (.68) | .29 (.74) | .42 (.72) | .013* | .49 |
| Mothers’ Sermonizing/ Lecturing/Scolding |
6.22 (11.75) | 14.31 (16.62) | 3.54 (5.55) | 3.05 (4.97) | .123** | .03 |
| Parenting Efficacy | 26.74 (6.93) | 26.00 (8.44) | 25.00 (5.67) | 27.38 (4.43) | .105** | .08 |
| Child Outcomes | ||||||
| Emotion regulation index |
100.26 (26.14) | 86.42 (23.66) | 91.15 (20.04) | 96.91 (28.76) | .127** | .08 |
| Child ER (RSA) | 6.84 (.88) | 6.69 (1.11) | 6.67 (.94) | 6.93 (1.09) | .019* | .56 |
| Child positivity | .17 (.31) | .42 (.88) | .27 (.42) | .41 (.71) | .003 | .76 |
| Child negativity | 1.55 (3.81) | 6.38 (13.61) | 1.77 (1.83) | 1.14 (1.61) | .118** | .03 |
| Child depression | 11.10 (7.24) | 13.61 (9.54) | 9.97 (7.03) | 6.82 (5.68) | .09** | .17 |
| Child PTSS | 14.19 (10.48) | 14.41 (12.13) | 10.92 (7.94) | 13.88 (9.54) | .004 | .79 |
Note. Effect size is for time by group interaction;
*
= small effect (partial eta-squared > .01),
**
= medium effect (partial eta-squared > .06),
***
= large effect (partial eta-squared > .14). RSA = respiratory sinus arrhythmia, PTSS = posttraumatic stress symptoms. Control group child age: M = 8.78, SD = 1.53, child gender: 61.50% female, mother age: M = 37.57, SD = 7.18. Intervention group child age: M = 9.86, SD = 1.30, child gender: 45.50% female, mother age: M = 40.86, SD = 6.97.