Table 2. Data extraction study attributes.
| Article | Geographic including Country and Setting | Body Dissatisfaction Variable | Health Outcome/s | Population | Male Sample Size n = (% of total sample) | Ages1 | Sample Characteristics including Ethnicity, Education and Sexuality | Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Anxiety2 | Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Depression2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [24] | USA, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Depression | Students | Unknown (part of a mixed sex sample) | M = 23, SD = 7.2 |
Ethnicity 28% Caucasian, rest unknown Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
NR | Pearson's r = 0.35 BD and Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scales |
| [25] | USA, Remote internet access | Adiposity and Weight | Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem, Disordered Eating | Non-descriptive Males | 74 (50) | Not provided for males only. |
Ethnicity 79.1% Caucasian, rest unknown Education NR Sexuality NR |
Pearson’s r = 0.44 Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale and 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales β = 0.45 Independent Variables (BMI, Dislike Subscale of Anti-fat Attitudes Questionnaire, Gender, Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale) Dependent Variable (21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales |
Pearson’s r = 0.44 Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale and 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales β = 0.45 Independent Variables (BMI, Dislike Subscale of Anti-fat Attitudes Questionnaire, Gender, Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale) Dependent Variable (21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales |
| [26] | Canada, Remote internet access | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety, Depression | Homosexual/ Sexual Minority Males | 389 (100) | ≥18 |
Ethnicity 21.6% African American, 48.1% Asian, 24.2% Latino, rest unknown Education Almost half had undergraduate degrees or greater (% not specified). Rest unknown. Sexuality 100% homosexual/ sexual minority |
Pearson’s r = 0.56 Male Body Attitude Scale: Total score and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale β = 0.18 Independent Variables (Step 1: Age, Ethnicity, Household Income; Step 2: Anxiety, Male Body Attitudes Scale, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale) Dependent Variable (Social Appearance Anxiety Scale) |
Pearson’s r = 0.56 Male Body Attitude Scale: Total score and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale β = 0.18 Independent Variables (Step 1: Age, Ethnicity, Household Income; Step 2: Anxiety, Male Body Attitudes Scale, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale) Dependent Variable (Social Appearance Anxiety Scale) |
| [27] | Italy, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety, Disordered Eating | Non-descriptive Males | 359 (100) | R = 18–30, M = 20.4, SD = 3.3 |
Ethnicity 100% Caucasian Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality 89.8% heterosexual, rest unknown |
Pearson’s r = 0.39 Body Dissatisfaction and Social Anxiety | NR |
| [28] | Italy, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety, Disordered Eating | Students | 409 (100) | R = 18–31, M = 23.1, SD = 3.5 |
Ethnicity NR Education NR Sexuality 92% heterosexual, rest unknown |
Pearson’s r = 0.28 Body Dissatisfaction and Social Anxiety | NR |
| [29] | USA, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety, Disordered Eating | Students | 135 (28.6) | M = 20.5, SD = 3.2 |
Ethnicity 70.9% Caucasian, 9.1% Latino, 8.9% African American, 3.8% Asian, 3% Biracial, rest classified as 'other' Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality 95.3% heterosexual, 4.7% homosexual/ sexual minority |
Pearson’s r = 0.36 Strength of Stereotypic Views of Men-Body Image and Eating Disturbance and Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale-Weight | NR |
| [30] | Italy, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety, Self-Esteem, Disordered Eating | Young Males | 551 (100) | R = 18–28, M = 20.82, SD = 4.43 |
Ethnicity 95% Caucasian, 2% Latino, 1% African, rest biracial Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality 93% heterosexual, rest unknown |
Pearson’s r = 0.36 Body Dissatisfaction and Insecure-Anxious Attachment | NR |
| [31] | Hungary, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety, Self-Esteem | Young Males | 239 (100) | R = 18–39, M = 20.3, SD = 2.78 |
Ethnicity NR Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
Pearson’s r = 0.36 Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory | NR |
| [32] | Thailand, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety | Young Males | 25 (31.3) | R = 18–25, M = 21, SD = 1.4 |
Ethnicity NR Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
Pearson’s r = 0.22 Body Image Dissatisfaction and Social Anxiety β = -0.05 Independent Variables (Body Image Dissatisfaction, Fear Of Negative Evaluation) Dependent Variable (Social Anxiety) |
NR |
| [33] | USA, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety, Disordered Eating | Heterosexual and Homosexual/ Sexual Minority Males | 78 (100) | M = 19.31, SD = 0.89 |
Ethnicity 71.8% Caucasian, 17.9% Latino, 7.7% African American, 2.6% Asian Education NR Sexuality 50% heterosexual, 50% homosexual/ sexual minority |
Pearson’s r = 0.64 Eating Disorders Inventory-3: Drive for Thinness and Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale |
NR |
| [34] | Canada, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety | Students | 125 (37.5) | R = 18–25 |
Ethnicity NR Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
Pearson’s r = -0.49 Self-Presentational Efficacy Expectancy and Social Physique Anxiety | NR |
| [35] | USA, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety | Students | 137 (40.7) | Not provided for males only. |
Ethnicity NR Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
Pearson’s r = -0.08 Muscular Strength and Social Physique Anxiety Scale | NR |
| [36] | USA, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety | Non-descriptive Males | 111 (38.9) | Not provided for males only. |
Ethnicity 79% Caucasian, 11.1% African American, 4.2% Latino, rest classified as 'other' Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
β = -0.86 Independent Variables (Drive For Muscularity x Drive For Thinness) Dependent Variable (Body Anxiety) | NR |
| [37] | Australia, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Anxiety | Males with different ethnicities | 55 (23.6) | Not provided for males only. |
Ethnicity Caucasian and Chinese as umbrella ethnicity term (% unknown) Education NR Sexuality NR |
Pearson’s r = -0.35 (Caucasian) Body Areas Satisfaction Scale and Anxiety in both Males and Females. Gender significantly moderated the result Pearson’s r = -0.29 (Chinese) Body Areas Satisfaction Scale and Anxiety in both Males and Females. Gender significantly moderated the result |
NR |
| [38] | Serbia, Unknown location/ platform | Adiposity and Weight | Anxiety, Depression | Non-descriptive Males | 200 (27.4) | Not provided for males only. |
Ethnicity NR Education 56.4% degree level, 23% current University students. Rest unknown. Sexuality NR |
Pearson’s r = 0.38 Body Dissatisfaction and Emotional Distress β = 0.43 Independent Variables (Step 1: BMI, Body Dissatisfaction; Step 2: BMI x Body Dissatisfaction) Dependent Variable (Emotional Distress) |
Pearson’s r = 0.38 Body Dissatisfaction and Emotional Distress β = 0.43 Independent Variables (Step 1: BMI, Body Dissatisfaction; Step 2: BMI x Body Dissatisfaction) Dependent Variable (Emotional Distress) |
| [39] | USA, Canada and Western Europe, Remote internet access | Genital self-image | Anxiety | Non-descriptive Males | 620 (100) | R = 18–76, M = 32.4, SD = 10.5 |
Ethnicity 79.2% Caucasian, rest unknown Education 77.7% had undergraduate degrees or greater, rest unknown. Sexuality 60% homosexual/ sexual minority, 40% heterosexual |
Pearson’s r = 0.64 Body Image and Social Appearance Anxiety | NR |
| [40] | UK, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Depression | Students | 765 (20.6) | ≥18 |
Ethnicity NR Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
NR | Correlates of four levels of body image concern with Depressive Symptoms OR (no concern) = 0.38 OR (mild concern) = 1.64 OR (moderate concern) = 2.78 OR (marked concern) = 10.62 |
| [41] | USA, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Depression, Self-Esteem, Disordered Eating | Non-descriptive Males | 114 (40.1) | Not provided for males only. |
Ethnicity 43% Caucasian, 21% Asian, 17% African American, 9% Latino, rest classified as 'other' Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
NR | Pearson’s r = -0.43 Positive Body Image and Depression |
| [42] | Italy, Academic Institution | Muscularity and thinness | Depression, Disordered Eating | Heterosexual and Homosexual/ Sexual Minority Males | 255 (100) | R = 19–25 |
Ethnicity NR Education NR Sexuality 50.9% heterosexual, 49.1% homosexual/ sexual minority |
NR |
Pearson’s r = 0.53 (Heterosexual Men) Body Shame and Depression Pearson’s r = 0.37 (Homosexual Men) Body Shame and Depression β = 0.49 (Heterosexual Males) Independent Variable (Body Shame) Dependent Variable (Depression) β = 0.32 (Homosexual Males) Independent Variable (Body Shame) Dependent Variable (Depression) |
| [43] | USA, Remote internet access | Adiposity and Weight | Depression, Disordered Eating | Homosexual/ Sexual Minority Males | 228 (100) | M = 31.1, SD = 12.7 |
Ethnicity 76% Caucasian, 6% Latino, 6% Asian, 2% African American, <1% Middle Eastern, <1% Native American, rest biracial Education NR Sexuality 100% homosexual/ sexual minority |
NR |
Pearson’s r = 0.33 Body Fat Dissatisfaction and Depression β = 0.29 Independent Variables (Step 1: Muscle; Step 2: Muscle, Body Fat) Dependent Variable (Depression) |
| [44] | Australia and New Zealand, Academic Institution | Adiposity and Weight | Depression | Young Males | 274 (25.3) | M = 21, SD = 3 |
Ethnicity NR Education All studying at University. No further details given. Sexuality NR |
NR | Pearson’s r = 0.3 Feelings of Fatness and Depression |
| [45] | Mexico, Academic Institution | Adiposity and Weight | Depression | Young Males | 1,736 (47.9) | R = 18–20 |
Ethnicity NR Education NR Sexuality NR |
NR | RRR = 1.1 self-estimation of weight status and Depression |
| [46] | USA, Academic Institution | Body Tan | Depression | Young Males | 107 (47.1) | Not provided for males only. |
Ethnicity 43% Caucasian, 33% Asian, 16% African American, 2% Hispanic, rest classified as 'other' Education NR Sexuality NR |
NR | Pearson’s r = 0.04 Appearance Orientation and Depression |
NR = Not Reported.
1 = range (R =), minimum age (≥), mean (M =), standard deviation (SD =), where male age is not provided separately males were at least 18 years old.
2 = Pearson Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r =), Regression Coefficient (β =), Odds Ratio (OR =), Relative Risk Ratio (RRR =), body dissatisfaction (BD).