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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2020 Mar;56(3):458–474. doi: 10.1037/dev0000849

Table 5.

Father Path Model Results

Paths Cultural Group
China Colombia Italy-Naples Italy-Rome Jordan Kenya Philippines Sweden Thailand US-AA US-EA US-LA
β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE
Predicting Age 14 Adolescent Irritability from Age 13 Measures
Father Self-Efficacy AngerA −.07 .06 −.03 .03 −.04 .04 −.05 .04 −.04 .04 −.05 .04 −.05 .04 −.04 .04 −.05 .04 −.04 .04 −.04 .03 −.05 .04
Father IrritabilityA .21* .05 .15* .03 .19* .04 .21* .05 .18* .04 .16* .04 .22* .05 .19* .04 .25* .06 .16* .04 .16* .04 .20* .05
Adolescent InternalizingA .13* .04 .11* .03 .14* .04 .14* .04 .10* .04 .12* .04 .13* .04 .12* .04 .13* .04 .12* .04 .14* .04 .12* .04
Adolescent ExternalizingA .26* .04 .27* .04 .28* .04 .28* .04 .31* .04 .25* .04 .29* .05 .25* .04 .31* .04 .31* .05 .29* .04 .28* .05
Predicting Age 14 Father Harsh Parenting from Age 13 Measures
Father Self-Efficacy AngerA .04 .04 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .04 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .04 .04 .04
Father IrritabilityA .14* .04 .14* .04 .13* .03 .15* .04 .14* .04 .12* .03 .13* .03 .15* .04 .17* .04 .14* .04 .16* .04 .17* .04
Age 13 Father Harsh ParentingA .54* .06 .62* .05 .60* .05 .55* .04 .61* .04 .58* .04 .57* .05 .63* .05 .56* .05 .49* .05 .52* .05 .63* .06
Child GenderA .11* .04 .09* .04 .09* .03 .10* .03 .09* .03 .08* .03 .08* .03 .12* .04 .10* .03 .09* .03 .12* .04 .11* .03
Predicting Age 15 Adolescent Internalizing Problems from Age 13 and 14 Measures
Adolescent IrritabilityA .10* .03 .14* .03 .11* .03 .12* .03 .13* .03 .18* .04 .12* .03 .11* .03 .12* .03 .14* .03 .10* .02 .13* .03
Age 14 Father Harsh ParentingA .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .05 .01 .04 .01 .03 .01 .04 .01 .03 .00 .02 .01 .03
Father Self-Efficacy AngerA −.01 .04 −.01 .02 −.01 .03 −.01 .03 −.01 .03 −.02 .05 −.01 .03 −.01 .03 −.01 .03 −.01 .03 −.01 .02 −.01 .04
Father IrritabilityA −.03 .03 −.03 .03 −.03 .03 −.04 .04 −.03 .03 −.04 .04 −.04 .04 −.03 .03 −.04 .05 −.03 .03 −.02 .02 −.04 .04
Adolescent InternalizingB .38* .11 .66* .08 .69* .05 .74* .04 .42* .07 .36* .09 .62* .06 .53* .08 .54* .07 .45* .06 .68* .05 .53* .08
Child GenderB .01 .09 −.43* .15 −.14† .06 −.06 .06 −.08 .07 −.04 .08 −.02 .07 −.08 .09 −.10 .08 −.28* .06 −.19* .06 −.31* .08
Total R2 .18† .09 .68* .13 .60* .06 .62* .06 .24* .06 .20* .07 .44* .07 .34* .09 .38* .07 .37* .06 .66* .06 .43* .08
Predicting Age 15 Adolescent Externalizing Problems from Age 13 and 14 Measures
Adolescent IrritabilityA .13* .03 .15* .03 .15* .03 .14* .03 .12* .02 .18* .04 .14* .03 .15* .03 .12* .03 .14* .03 .13* .03 .15* .03
Age 14 Father Harsh ParentingA .07† .03 .06† .02 .08† .03 .07† .03 .06† .02 .09† .04 .09† .04 .07† .03 .06† .03 .06† .03 .05† .02 .07* .03
Father Self-Efficacy AngerA .04 .04 .02 .02 .03 .03 .03 .03 .02 .02 .04 .04 .03 .03 .03 .03 .02 .02 .03 .03 .02 .02 .03 .03
Father IrritabilityA .01 .03 .01 .02 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .02 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .02 .01 .03
Adolescent ExternalizingB .59* .08 .66* .05 .66* .05 .73* .04 .61* .05 .42* .08 .68* .05 .62* .06 .74* .04 .65* .04 .56* .06 .66* .06
Child GenderB −.05 .03 −.03 .02 −.04 .03 −.04 .03 −.03 .02 −.05 .03 −.04 .03 −.05 .03 −.04 .02 −.03 .02 −.04 .02 −.04 .03
Total R2 .47* .11 .55* .07 .58* .06 .67* .05 .46* .06 .31* .08 .60* .06 .53* .08 .67* .05 .53* .06 .41* .07 .57* .08

Note:

†

p ≤ .05;

*

p ≤ .01.

US-AA = US African American sample. US-EA = US European American sample. US-LA = US Latin American sample. Coefficients are standardized.

A

Parameter was constrained to equality across cultural groups without significantly worsening model fit; slight variation in parameter estimates across cultural groups arises in the context of standardized coefficients.

B

Parameter was not constrained to equality across cultural groups to improve model fit.