Table 1.

Summary table of the current bio-logging sensors available, beyond classic location sensors. The detailed application and description of sensors is provided in SI Table 1.

Sensor type	Examples	Description	Relevant questions	Optimisation
Location	Animal-borne radar, pressure, passive acoustic telemetry, proximity sensors	Location based on receiver location	Space use; interactions	Use in combination with the behavioural sensors below; Create visualisations to facilitate interpretation of 3D space use and interactions
Intrinsic	Accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope, (gyrometer)	Patterns in body posture, dynamic movement, body rotation and orientation.	Behavioural identification; internal state; 3D movement reconstruction (dead-reckoning); energy expenditure; biomechanics; feeding activity; space use	Use in combination with other intrinsic sensors to build up detail of behaviour and/or 3D path reconstruction; Increased sensitivity to detect micro-movements or stress-related activity; high resolution (temporal and spatial) environmental data may improve accuracy of path reconstruction (e.g. in relation to environmental flow, wind or current data)
	Heart rate loggers, stomach temperature loggers, neurological sensors, flexible speed paddle, pitot tube, speed paddles	Measures of activity.
	Microphone, hall sensors,	Specific behaviour e.g. limb movement and vocalisations
Environment	Temperature	Ambient	Space use; energy expenditure; external factors; interactions	In situ remote sensing; arrays to localise animals; visualisations to provide context and understanding of interactions
	Microphone, proximity sensors, video loggers	Record external environment e.g. soundscape