Table 2. Bias and Precision for PD parameters in Single-Dose Scenarios (All values are rounded off to have 3 figures to allow for better readability.

Gamma		relative BIAS (Accuracy: ≤15%, shaded)								relative RMSE (Precision: ≤35%, shaded)
	Dose (mg)	Emax		EC50		E0		γ		Emax		EC50		E0		γ
		θ	ω2	θ	ω2	θ	ω2	θ	ω2	θ	ω2	θ	ω2	θ	ω2	θ	ω2
0.5	12.5	26.5	−23.0	316	31.9	−4.20	−1.60	−4.00	−20.0	62.6	49.3	1140	225	5.78	21.7	8.56	35.3
	25	13.8	−14.0	113	8.67	−4.30	−1.60	−2.20	−16.0	36.7	35.9	410	209	5.82	22.1	7.83	31.9
	50	7.02	−6.50	39.8	−21.0	−4.30	−1.40	−0.50	−13.0	19.9	24.3	94.0	166	5.85	22.3	8.05	29.0
	100	4.67	−4.50	29.3	−19.0	−4.40	−1.10	0.94	−13.0	16.7	21.3	77.5	166	5.87	22.4	9.86	30.8
	200	2.55	−3.80	26.1	−6.10	−4.40	−0.90	2.97	−18.0	15.8	17.7	92.1	165	5.89	22.5	13.2	37.5
	400	2.18	−2.70	36.7	−6.50	−4.40	−0.70	3.86	−26.0	16.6	15.6	141	167	5.91	22.4	16.2	49.2
	800	0.74	−2.80	48.5	30.0	−4.50	−0.50	5.78	−34.0	16.2	16.6	287	287	5.92	22.5	19.4	68.4
1	12.5	120	−68.0	346	85.8	−2.20	−0.50	−8.40	−28.0	398	84.1	1520	241	4.09	17.1	10.9	46.9
	25	30.3	−33.0	63.9	39.3	−2.50	−1.40	−5.60	−19.0	69.6	64.1	159	136	4.30	18.2	7.73	35.0
	50	10.9	−3.30	21.0	−5.50	−2.90	−1.70	−3.90	−13.0	22.4	43.6	38.8	89.0	4.60	19.7	6.42	26.3
	100	7.80	6.88	15.7	−32.0	−3.30	−1.00	−3.70	−10.0	15.0	30.1	28.4	75.3	4.88	20.6	6.41	22.6
	200	2.73	3.55	5.60	−22.0	−3.50	−0.10	−2.10	−12.0	8.43	21.0	17.8	62.5	5.04	21.4	5.77	25.1
	400	0.16	1.37	0.07	−13.0	−3.60	0.43	−0.20	−16.0	5.47	18.7	11.5	62.0	5.11	21.9	6.14	33.2
	800	−0.40	1.89	−1.20	−25.0	−3.70	0.81	0.00	−23.0	4.58	18.0	9.61	72.9	5.16	22.2	8.00	55.0
2	12.5	1420	48.0	1320	39.4	−1.00	1.03	−17.0	−55.0	6820	328	6170	258	3.59	17.1	23.3	71.5
	25	824	−50.0	390	1.08	−1.20	1.13	−10.00	−42.0	3290	153	1650	111	3.56	18.0	14.6	52.9
	50	31.8	−33.0	25.6	8.20	−1.60	0.10	−6.20	−22.0	54.9	83.9	40.4	50.6	3.78	18.0	8.54	34.1
	100	4.57	3.52	5.79	−7.40	−2.60	0.25	−4.30	−7.50	12.7	47.8	12.2	37.5	4.35	19.1	6.45	22.2
	200	−1.30	0.16	−0.90	−9.00	−3.20	−0.20	−1.90	−5.00	4.89	19.4	5.33	29.0	4.80	20.8	4.97	24.7
	400	−1.10	−1.20	−0.80	−11.0	−3.80	0.34	−1.30	−6.50	3.68	14.9	4.60	27.2	5.23	21.9	5.66	37.1
	800	−0.80	−0.80	0.36	−8.80	−4.20	1.50	−1.80	−24.0	3.17	14.3	4.45	30.9	5.53	22.9	6.85	49.0
5	50	800	99	23.0	−13.0	−0.20	1.69	−10.00	−35.0	4400	492	79.5	53.7	2.68	15.2	14.4	56.7
	100	2.66	−22.0	1.56	2.56	−0.70	0.56	−4.50	−8.60	11.9	49.1	5.81	20.8	2.85	15.0	7.47	28.6
	200	−1.40	−3.80	−0.20	−0.20	−1.50	0.76	−2.90	−8.40	4.02	21.5	3.11	17.0	3.30	16.1	5.21	28.4
	400	−0.50	−0.80	1.12	−2.00	−2.40	1.33	−5.40	−8.90	3.01	15.3	3.43	18.9	3.85	17.4	7.09	35.6
	800	0.00	−1.80	2.71	−2.90	−3.40	3.02	−13.0	−17.0	2.81	14.1	4.88	21.1	4.68	18.6	14.7	67.0
10	50	302	175	2.60	−24.0	−0.30	−0.20	−11.0	−13.0	1600	792	29.4	49.5	2.89	14.4	20.5	118
	100	−0.30	−15.0	−0.90	−9.00	−0.30	−0.10	−5.60	−9.00	6.50	35.5	3.99	20.5	3.11	15.0	7.48	35.9
	200	−0.60	−3.30	0.00	−1.60	−1.20	0.00	−5.20	−1.50	3.25	17.8	3.63	16.1	3.31	15.9	6.87	28.2
	400	−0.20	−2.10	1.03	−4.70	−2.10	1.78	−13.0	11.0	3.18	14.4	3.79	16.3	3.92	19.9	14.1	62.3
	800	0.05	−2.80	2.04	−5.90	−3.60	−1.20	−28.0	61.2	3.20	14.4	5.58	25.4	5.00	18.9	28.6	132