. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Aging. 2019 Oct 14;35(2):177–189. doi: 10.1037/pag0000413

Table 3.

Mediation Analysis: Parental Ambivalence as a Mediator between Having an Adult Child with Serious Mental Illness (SMI) and Parental Health

	Model 1 (unadjusted for parent and child covariates)			Model 2 (adjusted for parent-level covariates)			Model 3 (adjusted for parent- and child-level covariates)
	B	SE	95% CI	B	SE	95% CI	B	SE	95% CI
Depressive symptoms
Path A	0.14^**	0.05		0.12^*	0.05		0.14^*	0.06
Path B	3.38^***	0.19		3 23^***	0.19		3 17^***	0.19
Path C: total effect	1.61^**	0.52		1.06^*	0.48		1.03^*	0.49
Path C’: direct effect	1.23^*	0.52		0.69	0.48		0.58	0.48
Path A × B: indirect effect	0.48^**	0.19	[0.13, 0.85]	0.37^*	0.17	[0.03, 0.70]	0.45^*	0.20	[0.06, 0.84]
Model fit indices	RMSEA = .000;			RMSEA = .053;			RMSEA = .033;
Model fit indices	SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .000			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .017			SRMR_w= .001; SRMR_b= .014
Psychological well-being
Path A	0.14^*	0.06		0.12^*	0.05		0.14^*	0.06
Path B	₋5 71^***	0.28		−5.42^***	0.29		−5.34^***	0.30
Path C: total effect	−1.62^*	0.79		−1.56^*	0.75		−1.74^*	0.78
Path C’: direct effect	−0.82	0.81		−0.93	0.78		−0.98	0.79
Path A × B: indirect effect	−0.81^*	0.31	[−1.42, −0.20]	−0.63^*	0.29	[−1.21, −0.06]	−0.77^*	0.33	[−1.43, −0.13]
Model fit indices	RMSEA = .000;			RMSEA = .034;			RMSEA = .021;
Model fit indices	SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .000			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .009			SRMR_w= .001; SRMR_b= .009
SF-12 Mental
Path A	0.15^**	0.06		0.12^*	0.05		0.15^*	0.06
Path B	−1.96^***	0.17		−1.98^***	0.18		−1.87^***	0.18
Path C: total effect	−1.98^***	0.50		−1.69^***	0.48		−1.56^**	0.48
Path C’: direct effect	−1.69^**	0.59		−1.46^**	0.48		−1.29	0.48
Path A × B: indirect effect	−0.29^**	0.11	[−0.51, −0.08]	−0.23^*	0.11	[−0.45, −0.03]	−0.27^*	0.12	[−0.51, −0.04]
Model fit indices	RMSEA = .000;			RMSEA = .061;			RMSEA = .035;
Model fit indices	SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .000			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .022			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .019
Self-rated health
Path A	0.14^**	0.06		0.12^*	0.05		0.15^*	0.06
Path B	−0.25^***	0.02		−0.26^***	0.02		−0.26^***	0.02
Path C: total effect	−0.18^**	0.06		−0.19^**	0.06		−0.21^***	0.06
Path C’: direct effect	−0.14^*	0.06		−0.16^*	0.06		−0.17^**	0.06
Path A × B: indirect effect	−0.04^*	0.01	[−0.06, −0.01]	−0.03^*	0.01	[−0.06, −0.00]	−0.04^*	0.02	[−0.07, −0.01]
Model fit indices	RMSEA = .000;			RMSEA = .184;			RMSEA = .076;
Model fit indices	SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .000			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .038			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .024
Physical symptoms
Path A	0.15^**	0.06		0.12^*	0.05		0.16^*	0.06
Path B	1.06^***	0.08		1 14^***	0.09		1 17^***	0.09
Path C: total effect	0.88^***	0.21		0.70^**	0.21		0.80^***	0.22
Path C’: direct effect	0.73^**	0.22		0.57^**	0.22		0.62^**	0.22
Path A × B: indirect effect	0.15^**	0.06	[0.04, 0.27]	0.13^*	0.06	[0.01, 0.26]	0.18^*	0.07	[0.04, 0.33]
Model fit indices	RMSEA = .000;			RMSEA = .130;			RMSEA = .053;
Model fit indices	SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .000			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .029			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .018
SF−12 Physical
Path A	0.14^**	0.06		0.12^*	0.05		0.15^*	0.06
Path B	₋2 41^***	0.25		−2.94^***	0.29		−3.04^***	0.30
Path C: total effect	−1.89^**	0.71		−1.72^*	0.69		−2.04^**	0.71
Path C’: direct effect	−1.54^*	0.71		−1.38^*	0.60		−1.57^*	0.71
Path A × B: indirect effect	−0.34^*	0.14	[−0.62, −0.09]	−0.34^*	0.69	[−0.67, −0.03]	−0.47^*	0.19	[−0.87, −0.10]
Model fit indices	RMSEA = .000;			RMSEA = .253;			RMSEA = .105;
Model fit indices	SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .000			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .056			SRMR_w= .000; SRMR_b= .035

SE = Standard errors; CI = Confidence interval based on the Monte Carlo method (available at http://www.quantpsy.org); RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; SRMR_w and SRMR_b = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, within-and between-level, respectively

Note. Multilevel structural equation modeling was estimated for each health outcome measure. Path A (Parents of an adult child with SMI → Parental ambivalence) was estimated controlling for child-level covariates (i.e., age, gender, biological relationship to parent, geographic proximity to parent, marital status, parental status, education, and working status) and parent-level covariates (i.e., age, gender, education, number of living children, marital status, Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) limitation, and history of mental health diagnosis); Path B (Parental ambivalence → Parental mental and physical health) was estimated controlling for child age and biological relationship to parent, as well as all parent-level covariates. ADLs limitation was controlled only for depressive symptoms, psychological well-being, and the SF-12 mental health models, and history of mental health diagnosis was controlled only for self-rated health, physical symptoms, and the SF-12 physical health models.

p<.05,

^**

p<.01,

^***

p<.001