Table 2.
Maternal body composition, mean (standard deviation), during early and late pregnancy, and postpartum
| ----------------------------------------Pregnancy--------------------------------- | -----------------------------------Postpartum------------------------------ | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LI Baseline N=105 | UC Baseline N=105 | Adj Diff (SED1) | LI 35 wk N=94 | UC 35 wk N=93 | Adj Diff (SED) | LI 15.3 wk N=88 | UC 15.4 wk N=82 | Adj Diff (SED) | LI 58 wk N=91 | UC 59.34 wk N=88 | Adj Diff (SED) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 15.0 (0.72) | 14.8 (0.78) | 35.7 (0.72) | 35.9 (0.92) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Post-delivery (weeks) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15.1 (2.9) | 15.2 (3.5) | −0.02 (0.51) | 57.7 (13.4) | 59.3 (20.2) | −2.37 (2.47) |
| Weight (kg) | 81.5 (12.4) | 82.2 (15.0) | −0.58 (1.89) | 89.6 (12.0) | 92.1 (14.6) | −1.87 (0.58)b | 81.8 (13.3) | 84.6 (15.0) | −2.81 (0.69)a | 81.8 (14.8) | 83.7 (17.0) | −1.44 (0.92) |
| Body mass index (kg/m3) | 30.1 (4.1) | 30.7 (5.0) | −0.48 (0.62) | 33.0 (3.8) | 34.4 (4.9) | −0.73 (0.22)a | 30.3 (4.3) | 31.5 (5.1) | −1.06 (0.26)a | 30.2 (5.0) | 31.2 (5.9) | −0.57 (0.34) |
| Circumferences | ||||||||||||
| Hip (cm) | 112.0 (8.2) | 112.7 (8.6) | −0.14 (0.50) | 113.4 (8.3) | 115.3 (11.4) | −1.37 (0.93) | 111.3 (9.1) | 114.0 (10.1) | −2.61 (0.66)a | 111.4 (10.2) | 112.9 (110) | −0.97 (0.77) |
| Waist (cm) | 95.1 (8.7) | 95.4 (10.4) | 0.48 (0.67) | - | - | - | 94.0 (9.5) | 95.7 (10.7) | −1.77 (0.84)c | 93.5 (10.8) | 94.8 (12.8) | −1.15 (1.02) |
| BODPOD | N=83 | N=79 | N=87 | N=82 | ||||||||
| Weeks post-delivery | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15.3 (3.9) | 15.4 (4.6) | −0.13 (0.70) | 57.8 (13.4) | 57.6 (14.4) | −1.07 (2.01) |
| Percentage fat (%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 37.95 (6.03) | 40.05 (6.84) | −1.99 (0.82)c | 37.60 (8.55) | 38.41 (7.77) | −0.53 (0.94) |
| Fat mass (kg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 31.57 (9.00) | 34.61 (11.53) | −2.96 (0.87)c | 31.94 (12.16) | 33.25 (12.95) | −0.95 (1.02) |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50.34 (6.15) | 50.04(5.93) | 0.26 (0.56) | 50.37 (5.39) | 50.75 (5.80) | −0.32 (0.51) |
| QMR | N=75 | N=69 | N=79 | N=69 | ||||||||
| Weeks post-delivery | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15.3 (3.9) | 16.3 (5.5) | −1.03 (0.84) | 58.6 (13.9) | 58.5 (15.5) | −1.31 (2.27) |
| Fat mass (kg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 31.22 (8.54) | 34.61 (10.99) | −3.14 (0.90)a | 31.92 (11.35) | 33.85 (13.19) | −1.56 (1.09) |
| Lean mass (kg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 40.91 (6.14) | 42.02 (5.6) | −0.56 (0.86) | 42.10 (6.67) | 43.06 (5.59) | −0.69 (0.82) |
| TBW (kg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 33.93 (6.38) | 34.25 (7.03) | −0.02 (1.08) | 33.95 (7.44) | 34.27 (7.45) | −0.38 (1.19) |
| MRI (kg) | N=51 | N=46 | N=43 | N=36 | N=34 | N=39 | N=38 | N=35 | ||||
| Gestational age (wks) | 14.98 (0.74) | 15.03 (0.57) | −0.02 (0.13) | 35.66 (0.67) | 35.8 (0.70) | −0.00 (0.16) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Post-delivery (wks) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.34 (1.1) | 15.4 (3.8) | −1.30 (0.79) | 57.03 (110) | 61.8 (29.0) | −7.67 (6.22) |
| Weight (kg) | 78.6 (9.6) | 78.8 (9.5) | −0.70 (1.98) | 85.8 (9.1) | 88.9 (9.8) | −2.32 (0.99)c | 77.2 (10.4) | 82.0 (9.7) | −2.97 (1.25)c | 78.4 (13.1) | 79.8 (10.3) | −0.42 (1.67) |
| Total adipose (kg) | 32.8 (7.6) | 33.3 (6.0) | −0.13 (0.73) | 32.8 (7.2) | 36.0 (5.9) | −2.01 (0.80)c | 32.6 (8.0) | 36.1 (7.0) | −1.86 (0.99) | 34.0 (11.7) | 34.2 (8.3) | 1.58 (1.50) |
| Subcutaneous (kg) | 30.0 (7.1) | 30.6 (5.4) | −0.09 (0.63) | 30.3 (6.7) | 33.4 (5.7) | −1.85 (0.69)b | 29.7 (7.4) | 32.8 (6.4) | −1.83 (0.94) | 30.5 (10.5) | 30.9 (7.4) | 0.98 (1.32) |
| Abdominal Deep | 2.92 (0.81) | 3.11 (0.68) | −0.08 (0.15) | - | - | - | 2.95 (0.91) | 3.28 (0.79) | −0.10 (0.13) | 2.96 (1.12) | 2.99 (0.77) | 0.17 (0.17) |
| Abdominal Superficial | 2.91 (0.96) | 2.99 (0.75) | 0.04 (0.14) | - | - | - | 2.95 (0.88) | 3.29 (0.82) | −0.37 (0.11)a | 3.11 (1.20) | 3.03 (0.93) | 0.08 (0.14) |
| Femoral SAT | 10.50 (2.39) | 11.49 (1.93) | −0.68 (0.43) | 10.69 (2.73) | 12.37 (2.78) | −0.76 (0.42) | 10.69 (2.73) | 12.37(2.78) | −0.67 (0.43) | 11.06 (3.36) | 11.44 (2.88) | 0.68 (0.50) |
| Perimuscle SAT | 0.50 (0.13) | 0.48 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.49 (0.12) | 0.48 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.49 (0.12) | 0.48 (0.10) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.49 (0.12) | 0.47 (0.11) | 0.05 (0.03) |
| Visceral (kg) | 1.45 (0.84) | 1.45 (0.99) | −0.05 (0.17) | - | - | - | 1.57 (0.74) | 1.78 (1.08) | −0.05 (0.12) | 1.99 (1.11) | 1.94 (1.26) | 0.31 (0.15)c |
| Intermuscular (kg) | 1.27 (0.54) | 1.28 (0.47) | 0.001 (0.10) | 1.42 (0.54) | 1.43 (0.43) | −0.03 (0.07) | 1.38 (0.56) | 1.48(0.51) | 0.04 (0.09) | 1.46 (0.67) | 1.38 (0.52) | 0.17 (0.09) |
| Skeletal muscle (kg) | 20.4 (3.1) | 20.2 (3.1) | 0.21 (0.44) | 21.1 (2.6) | 21.3 (3.1) | −0.39 (0.26) | 19.8 (2.9) | 20.8 (3.0) | −0.38 (0.29) | 20.5 (2.9) | 20.8 (2.8) | −0.37 (0.33) |
1
SED=standard error difference; SAT=subcutaneous adipose tissue. The adjusted difference at each time-point was calculated using the covariates: variable’s baseline value, mother’s baseline age, weight, BMI, and ethnicity. For 35 week analysis, additional covariates included GDM and gestational age. For the post-partum visit, additional covariates included weeks since delivery and GDM.
p-value in bold
a
p<0.001
b
p<0.01
c
p<0.05