Figure 2.

BNP immuno‐reactive signals are increased in human itchy skin and its release from sensory neurons is via a SNARE‐dependent mechanism. (a) Skin BNP is up‐regulated in itchy human skin, including AD and prurigo nodularis (PN); green, BNP; and blue, DAPI. (b) IL‐31‐ and ET‐1‐induced BNP release from sensory neurons is through SNARE‐dependent mechanisms. In addition, different isoforms of SNARE proteins are also required by BNP‐induced pruritic and inflammatory cytokine release from phKCs, including ET‐1. The latter can further stimulate BNP release from sensory neurons. Thus, it might result in amplification of itch circuits. Immunohistochemistry was performed as in Meng et al. (2018). All the clinical samples were purchased from Tissue Solutions Ltd (Glasgow) [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com]