Table 3.

Hospital management of NAS, sample respondents in California Birth Hospitals in 2018.

Category	% distribution	95% CI		# of hospitals
First-line therapy for NAS care (n = 64)
Nonpharmacologic interventions	97%	89%	100%	62
Pharmacologic interventions	2%	0%	9%	1
Other	2%	0%	9%	1
Frequency of nonpharmacologic management for NAS (n = 65)
Always or usually	55%	43%	67%	36
About half the time	18%	11%	30%	12
Seldom or never	26%	17%	38%	17
Frequency of staying with mother for the infant's entire stay, among infants with nonpharmacologic management for NAS (n = 63)
Always or usually	57%	45%	69%	36
About half the time	8%	3%	18%	5
Seldom or never	35%	24%	47%	22
Frequency of pharmacologic management for NAS (n = 68)
Always or usually	49%	37%	60%	33
About half the time	18%	10%	29%	12
Seldom or never	34%	24%	46%	23
Frequency of staying with mother for the infant's entire stay, among infants with pharmacologic management for NAS (n = 58)
Always or usually	7%	2%	17%	4
About half the time	7%	2%	17%	4
Seldom or never	86%	75%	93%	50

Source: “Hospital Care and Emerging Practices for Treatment of Maternal Opioid Addiction, the Mother-Infant Dyad and Neonatal Abstinence Care: A Survey of California Hospitals” fielded June 2018 to August 2018 by the Urban Institute in collaboration with the California Perinatal Quality-Improvement Collaborative and the California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative

n  = sample size. Denominator includes all respondents who selected a response in any part of the question (e.g., in a multi-item response table). A respondent who selected an answer in one line of the table but left another line blank are treated as “no” (instead of “missing”) for the line or lines for which they did not respond

NAS neonatal abstinence syndrome, CI confidence interval