TABLE 2.

Strain evolution for the enhanced production of organic acids.

Host chassis	TF	Screening/Analysis	Method	Product	Enhancement	References
E. coli	LysR	Growth selection	Enzyme directed evolution	3-HP	2.79-fold in catalytic efficiency of α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase	Seok et al., 2018
E. coli	SoxR	FACS	Genome-wide mutagenesis by CRISPR	3-HP	7- and 8-fold increase in productivity	Liu et al., 2018
E. coli	PyHCN	FACS	Enzyme directed evolution	Acrylic acid	50% increase in catalytic efficiency of an amidase	Raghavan et al., 2019
E. coli JM109	HIF-1	HPLC	TF engineering	Pyruvic acid	Titer increased to 53.1 g/L	Luo et al., 2020
E. coli	LysR	HPLC	TF engineering	Itaconic acid	215-fold in itaconic acid detection	Hanko et al., 2018
E. coli	ARO1	FACS	Combined ALE and metabolic engineering	Muconic acid	Titer increased to 2.1 g/L	Leavitt et al., 2017
Corynebacterium glutamicum	ShiR	FACS	RBS engineering	Shikimic acid	Titer increased to 3.72 mM	Liu C. et al., 2017
E. coli	pfkA	HPLC	Dynamic control of metabolic fluxes	D-Glucaric acid	Titer improved by up to 42%	Reizman et al., 2015
E. coli	acuR/prpR	FACS	Design–build–test cycle	3-HP	Titer increased to 4.2 g/L	Rogers and Church, 2016
S. cerevisiae	FadR	FACS	Gene library	Fatty acid	30% increased fatty acid level observed	Dabirian et al., 2019b