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. 2020 Feb 25;10:3392. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60440-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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sBTLA levels predicts outcome of patients with HCC. (a) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of 53 patients with advanced HCC at baseline including high levels of sBTLA and low levels of sBTLA. (b) Immunohistochemical staining of BTLA in liver tissues of four patients with HCC. Case 1 was a 21-year-old woman with HBV-related, huge but solitary HCC. Sorafenib was started 17 months after surgery, due to multiple intrahepatic recurrences and lung metastases. The plasma level of sBTLA was 807 pg/mL at the start of sorafenib treatment. Case 2 was a 73-year-old man with HCV-related, solitary HCC with a diameter of 45 mm. Sorafenib was started 12 months after surgery because of multiple intrahepatic recurrences and bone metastases. The plasma sBTLA level was 1,099 pg/mL prior to treatment. Case 3 was a 64-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis and solitary HCC at a diameter of 40 mm. Sorafenib was started 6 months after the operation, because of multiple intrahepatic recurrences and hilar lymph node metastasis. Plasma sBTLA levels were 311.08 pg/mL at the time of surgery and 98.9 pg/mL prior to treatment. Case 4 was a 77-year-old woman with HCV-related and solitary HCC with a diameter of 50 mm. Sorafenib treatment was initiated 5 months after surgery because of bone metastasis. PT: peri-tumoral, T: tumor. Scale bar, 50 μm. (c) Double immunofluorescent staining of BTLA (green) with CK18 (red), (d) CD68 (red), CD3 (red) or CD20 (red) in HCC tissues obtained from Case 3. Scale bar, 50 μm.