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. 2020 Feb 25;11:1029. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14848-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Atomic-resolution HAADF–STEM image of Pt₁/N-C, showing that only Pt single atoms are present (marked by red circles). Length of scale bar is 2 nm. b Micromorphology and elemental mapping of Pt₁/N-C. Length of scale bar is 200 nm. c N K-edge XANES spectra of N-C framework (before ALD) and Pt₁/N-C (after ALD). d Three-dimensional profile plot of successive operando Pt L₃-edge XANES spectra acquired in different conditions. e Selected XANES spectra in d at different applied voltages from the open-circuit condition to −0.07 V during HER, and the XANES data of the reference standards of Pt foil and PtO₂. Inset, Magnified white-line peak and post-edge XANES region.