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. 2020 Feb 25;10:3402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60258-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reductions in rich-club connectivity strength across propofol-induced sedation relate to semantic processing. Calculated on the average brain graph of the baseline resting state condition, a rich-club organisation was observed with an increasing rich-club coefficient >1 that was significantly different from surrogate networks (n = 100) between k-levels of 7–58. At the individual level, this rich-club organisation encompassed both transmodal cortices such as those that belong to the default mode, dorsal-attention and cingulo-opercular networks, as well as unimodal regions that belong to the visual, auditory and sensory/somatomotor networks. The size of nodes on the MNI glass brain indicates the number of participants in which the node was identified as part of the rich-club organisation (panel A). The strength of rich-clubs across participants showed a significant decrease between baseline and light (p < 0.001) as well as baseline and moderate sedation conditions (p < 0.001), with no statistical differences observed between the light and moderate sedation conditions (p = 0.99) (corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method). The bars represent the standard error with the distribution of individual values provided for each measurement across each experimental condition (panel B). A Pearson correlation indicated that the change in rich-club strength was significantly related to the change in the participants’ errors in the semantic judgment task between moderate and light sedation conditions (r = −0.71, p = 0.00042). While straight lines indicate the linear fit, dotted lines represent the 95% confidence intervals (panel C).