Table 2.

Regression results

	Exposure	Outcome	Effect estimate (SE)
Schooling (n=5316; 4.4 years of education pre-reform)
Model 1: first stage	Reform indicator	Years of schooling	0.65*** (0.20)
Malaria (n=5316; 34.9% malaria positive pre-reform)
Model 2: intention-to-treat	Reform indicator	Malaria positive	−4.8** (2.4)
Model 3: 2SLS (IV)	Years of schooling	Malaria positive	−7.5* (3.9)
Anaemia (n=5316; 41.2% moderate or serious anaemia prereform)
Model 2: intention-to-treat	Reform indicator	Anaemia	−5.4** (2.5)
Model 3: 2SLS (IV)	Years of schooling	Anaemia	−8.2* (4.3)
Vector control (n=5316; 77.5% owns net pre-reform; n=4558; 47.9% all children aged <5 years slept under net pre-reform)
Model 3: 2SLS (IV)	Years of schooling	Own mosquito net	−0.5 (2.9)
Model 4: 2SLS (IV)	Years of schooling	All children aged <5 years slept under a bednet last night	10.1** (4.8)

For malaria, anaemia and vector control outcome, regression coefficient and SEs were multiplied by 100 and reported on a percentage point scale. Per cent malaria positive refer to the prevalence among children of mothers in the 1980 cohort. Model 1 was estimated by OLS method; model 2 by OLS linear probability method; model 3 by IV-2SLS method, in which binary indicator for being born 1982 or later was used as an excluded IV for maternal years of schooling and model 4 by IV-2SLS with sample owns mosquito net. All model controls for full set of children’s age-in-months indicators, a linear term of maternal year of birth, indicator for survey year, indicator for survey month, indicator for child sex, indicator for ethnic groups and age of the mother. No weights were used. Kleibergen-Paap Wald rk F statistic in the first stage models were 10.4.

*p<0.10, **p<0.05,***p<0.01.

IV, instrumental variable; OLS, ordinary least square; 2SLS, two-stage least square.