Fig. 2.

Benchmarking metabolic maturation status of hiPSC-CM. Hallmarks of maturation of cardiac energy metabolism during perinatal developmental hypertrophy and in hiPSC-CM. Examples include an increased ratio of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to genomic DNA (gDNA), higher degree of subcellular organization and tubularization of mitochondria and switch of substrate utilization from anaerobic glycolysis to fatty acid metabolism [58]. Primitive hiPSC-CM depicts features of an immature energy metabolism with a low mtDNA/gDNA ratio, tubular, but perinuclear mitochondria and mostly anaerobic glycolysis.

Adapted with permission from [59].