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. 2020 Mar;1867(3):118436. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.017

Table 1.

Studies investigating the stiffness of the heart. For SWE and MRE, the printed Young's modulus represents the calculated values, using the shear modulus from the original studies and a Poisson's ratio of 0.4 [[15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22]].

Method Species Chamber Condition Shear modulus Young's modulus N-numbers Ref
Micropipette Chick heart tube Embryonic (E4) ~ 1 kPa 4 [15]
heart tube Embryonic (E14) ~ 10 kPa 1
Micropipette Rat LV Neonatal 6.8 ± 2.8 kPa 1 [16]
Adult - healthy 25.6 ± 15.9 kPa 1
AFM Rat LV Adult - healthy 18 ± 2 kPa 2 [17]
Adult - MI 55 ± 15 kPa 2
Shear Wave Sheep Atrium Adult - healthy Diastole: 0.5 ± 0.1 kPa
Systole: 6.0 ± 0.3 kPa
Diastole: 1.4 ± 0.3 kPa
Systole: 16.8 ± 0.8 kPa
1 [18]
RV Diastole: 1.3 ± 0.3 kPa
Systole:13.5 ± 9.1 kPa
Diastole: 3.6 ± 0.8 kPa
Systole: 37.8 ± 25.5 kPa
LV Diastole: 1.3 ± 0.2 kPa
Systole:12.5 ± 5.1 kPa
Diastole: 3.6 ± 0.6 kPa
Systole: 35.0 ± 14.2 kPa
Magnetic Resonance Elastography Pig LV Healthy Diastole: 6.0 ± 1.8 kPa
Systole: 9.3 ± 1.9 kPa
Diastole: 16.9 ± 5.0 kPa
Systole: 26.2 ± 5.3 kPa
6 [19]
Pig LV Juvenile – before surgery Diastole: 3.9 ± 0.4 kPa
Systole: 5.0 ± 0.7 kPa
Diastole: 10.8 ± 1.1 kPa
Systole: 13.9 ± 2 kPa
21 [20]
Juvenile – MI (21d) Diastole: 5.5 ± 0.7 kPa
Systole: 6.3 ± 1.0 kPa
Diastole: 15.3 ± 2 kPa
Systole: 17.8 ± 2.8 kPa
Human LV Adult - healthy Systole: 5.64 ± 1 kPa Systole: 15.8 ± 2.8 kPa 18 (13 Female and 5 Male; Mean age: 31 yrs.; range: 21–71 yrs) [21]
Adult, Obstractive HCM Systole: 14.5 ± 2.2 kPa Systole: 40.6 ± 6.2 kPa 2 Female; Ages: 26 and 43 yrs)
Human LV Adult - healthy early systolic phase:
mean: 8.2 kPa;
range: 7.2–11.8 kPa
early systolic phase:
mean: 23.0 kPa;
range: 20.2–33.0 kPa
11 (1 Female and 10 Male; Median age: 57; range: 52–84 yrs) [22]
Adult cardiac amyloid patients early systolic phase: mean: 11.4 kPa:
range: 9.2–15.7 kPa
early systolic phase: mean: 32.0 kPa;
range 25.8–44.0 kPa
16 (3 Female and 13 Male; Median age 66.5; range: 50–85 yrs)