Table 1.
Different raw materials and extraction methods to obtain natural pectin.
| Raw Material | Extraction Method | Conditions | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T (°C) | Time (min) | LSR (mL/g) | Other Variables | |||
| Eggplant peel waste | HAE | 90 | 30 | 40 | - | [37] |
| Orange peel waste | HAE | 80 | 60 | 17.1 | pH: 1.5 | [38] |
| Orange peel waste | HAE | 75 | 300 | 20 | pH: 2.5 | [39] |
| Orange peel waste | HAE | 95 | 120 | 6 | pH: 1.6 | [40] |
| Pomelo peel waste | HAE | 90 | 120 | 30 | pH: 2 | [41] |
| Pomegranate peel waste | HAE | 70 | 120 | 10 | - | [42] |
| Apple peel waste | HAE | 85 | 120 | 25 | - | [43] |
| Cashew apple pulp | HAE | 100 | 120 | 5.15 | - | [44] |
| Chamomile Waste | HAE | 90 | 60 | 20 | pH: 1.2 | [45] |
| Durian rind waste | HAE | 85 | 60 | 9 | pH: 2.5 | [46] |
| Hibiscus (sabdariffa L.) | HAE | 100 | 30 | 20 | pH: 2.5 | [47] |
| Banana peel waste | HAE | 86 | 360 | 50 | pH: 2 | [48] |
| Banana peel waste | HAE | 90 | 30 | 20 | pH: 1.5, 6 | [49] |
| Mango peel waste | HAE | 90 | 120 | 20 | - | [50] |
| Jackfruit peel waste | HAE | 138 | 9 | 17 | - | [51] |
| Jackfruit peel waste | HAE | 90 | 60 | 10 | - | [52] |
| Jackfruit peel waste | HAE | 90 | 60 | 20 | - | [53] |
| Passion fruit rind | HAE | 98 | 90 | 50 | - | [54] |
| Tomato husk waste | HAE | 100 | 15–25 | 30 | - | [28] |
| Orange peel waste | HC | 14.6–96 | 270 | 2.86 | - | [55] |
| Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) | EAE | 50 | 2880 | 15.4 | pH: 5, Enzyme: 10.1 Ug−1 | [56] |
| Sisal Waste | EAE | 50 | 1200 | 15 | Enzyme: 88 Ug−1, pH:5 | [57] |
| Tobacco waste | MAE | - | 4 | 20 | 550 W, pH: 1.8 | [58] |
| Cocoa Pod Husk waste | SWE | 121 | 30 | 27.5 | 103.4 bar | [59] |
| Custard apple peel waste | UAE | 63 | 18 | 21 | pH: 3 | [60] |
| Mango peel waste | UAE | 85 | 10 | 7.6 | 497.4 W/cm2, pH: 2 | [61] |
| Sisal Waste | UAE | - | 60 | 15 | 450W, pH: 4 | [57] |
| Passion fruit rind | UAE | - | 10 | 20 | 135W | [62] |
| Jackfruit peel waste | UAE-MAE | 86 | 29 | 48 | - | [63] |
HAE: Hydrothermal-assisted extraction; UAE: Ultrasound-assisted extraction; HC: Hydrodynamic cavitation; MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; SWE: Subcritical water extraction; EAE: Enzyme-assisted extraction.