Figure 1. PRISMA Diagram of Study Selection.

CENTRAL indicates Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; CPE, carbapenemase-producing multidrug-resistant microorganisms of the Enterobacterales order; ESBL-E, extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing multidrug-resistant microorganisms of the Enterobacterales order; MDROs, multidrug-resistant microorganisms; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses; RCT, randomized clinical trial; VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococci; VRSA, vancomycin-resistant S aureus.

^aEndNote software (Clarivate Analytics) was used to remove duplicates.

^bThe Cohen κ indicated strong agreement for the full-text stage (κ = 0.82).

^cGoodman et al³⁶ included carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species in addition to CPE.