Table 3. Multivariable Estimates From Generalized Linear Models of the Association Between Impaired Sense and Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms.
| Model | Individual Sensory Impairments | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hearing | Vision | Taste | Smell | |
| Quality of Life, β (95% CI)a | ||||
| Separate models | ||||
| Model 1b | −3.58 (−4.50 to −2.66) | −6.17 (−7.15 to −5.18) | −5.60 (−7.02 to −4.18) | −2.30 (−3.39 to −1.20) |
| Model 2c | −2.75 (−3.60 to −1.90) | −3.79 (−4.73 to −2.84) | −4.31 (−5.52 to −3.10) | −1.77 (−2.69 to −0.84) |
| Model 3d | −1.93 (−2.65 to −1.20) | −2.88 (−3.68 to −2.09) | −3.44 (−4.35 to −2.53) | −1.51 (−2.27 to −0.74) |
| Mutually adjusted | ||||
| Model 1b | −2.60 (−3.53 to −1.67) | −5.27 (−6.24 to −4.30) | −4.05 (−5.58 to −2.51) | −0.17 (−1.28 to 0.93) |
| Model 2c | −2.16 (−3.01 to −1.31) | −3.14 (−4.06 to −2.22) | −3.33 (−4.69 to −1.97) | −0.19 (−1.18 to 0.80) |
| Model 3d | −1.47 (−2.20 to −0.73) | −2.41 (−3.20 to −1.62) | −2.66 (−3.74 to −1.58) | −0.30 (−1.15 to 0.55) |
| Depressive Symptoms, Odds Ratio (95% CI)e | ||||
| Separate models | ||||
| Model 1b | 2.18 (1.72 to 2.75) | 2.86 (2.26 to 3.63) | 2.29 (1.69 to 3.09) | 1.46 (1.11 to 1.91) |
| Model 2c | 1.91 (1.51 to 2.42) | 1.84 (1.43 to 2.38) | 1.79 (1.33 to 2.41) | 1.26 (0.95 to 1.67) |
| Mutually adjusted | ||||
| Model 1b | 1.83 (1.43 to 2.34) | 2.44 (1.91 to 3.10) | 1.75 (1.22 to 2.53) | 0.98 (0.71 to 1.36) |
| Model 2c | 1.74 (1.37 to 2.23) | 1.64 (1.27 to 2.13) | 1.55 (1.09 to 2.21) | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.30) |
Values are unstandardized regression coefficients compared with no impairment (reference category). The Control, Autonomy, Self-realization and Pleasure 19-item scale was used.
Model 1: age (continuous) and sex.
Model 2: age, sex, ethnicity (white, nonwhite), marital status (cohabiting, not cohabiting), wealth (quintiles), smoking status (current, former, never smoker), cognitive function (memory score and executive function score, continuous), and physician-diagnosed diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer (yes/no).
Model 3: model 2 + loneliness.
Values are odds ratios compared with no impairment (reference category). Four or more of the 8-item Centre for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale was used to define presence of depressive symptoms.