A-D, Psychophysiological and neural responses. The masks used for the different regions of interest are indicated in red. Error bars represent the SEM. CS- indicates cue with no shock; CS+E, cue with shock + extinction learning; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; HC, healthy controls; PD, panic disorder; R, right; SAD, social anxiety disorder; SCR, skin conductance response; SP, specific phobia; UCR, unconditioned response; and vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex.