Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristicsa | Non-hypertension (n = 26,384) | Hypertension (n = 12,823) | Total (n = 39,207) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 53.27 ± 12.43 | 60.39 ± 10.09 | 55.6 ± 12.18 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m3 | 24.25 ± 3.36 | 26.04 ± 3.67 | 24.83 ± 3.56 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 115.82 ± 11.91 | 146.81 ± 16.86 | 125.95 ± 19.99 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72.58 ± 8.14 | 88.22 ± 10.67 | 77.70 ± 11.64 | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 87.00 ± 8.64 | 107.75 ± 11.12 | 93.78 ± 13.62 | <0.001 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 43.23 ± 8.68 | 58.59 ± 14.50 | 48.26 ± 13.09 | <0.001 |
| 3-year average exposure | ||||
| PM2.5, μg/m3 | 73.22 ± 2.61 | 73.86 ± 2.43 | 73.42 ± 2.57 | |
| PM10, μg/m3 | 131.95 ± 5.93 | 133.52 ± 5.42 | 132.46 ± 5.81 | |
| NO2, μg/m3 | 39.59 ± 3.66 | 40.45 ± 3.43 | 39.87 ± 3.60 | |
| Sex | 0.170 | |||
| male | 10,348 (39.2) | 51,272 (39.9) | 15,470 (39.5) | |
| female | 16,036 (60.8) | 7701 (60.1) | 23,737 (60.5) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 10,722 (40.6) | 6826 (53.2) | 17,548 (44.8) | |
| Medium | 11,210 (42.5) | 4413 (34.4) | 15,623 (39.8) | |
| High | 4452 (16.9) | 1584 (12.3) | 6036 (15.4) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married/Cohabitating | 24,023 (91.1) | 11,173 (87.1) | 35,196 (89.8) | |
| Widowed/Single/Divorced/Separation | 2361 (8.9) | 1650 (12.9) | 4011 (10.2) | |
| Income | <0.001 | |||
| ≤500 yuan | 8924 (33.8) | 5073 (39.6) | 13,997 (35.7) | |
| 500–1000 yuan | 8667 (32.8) | 4221 (32.9) | 12,888 (32.9) | |
| ≥1000 yuan | 8793 (33.3) | 3529 (27.5) | 12,322 (31.4) | |
| Smoking | 0.131 | |||
| Never | 19,145 (72.6) | 9395 (73.2) | 28,540 (72.8) | |
| Ever | 7239 (27.4) | 3428 (26.7) | 10,667 (27.2) | |
| Drinking | 0.010 | |||
| Never | 20,496 (77.7) | 9812 (76.5) | 30,308 (77.3) | |
| Ever | 5888 (22.3) | 3011 (23.5) | 8899 (22.7) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 7856 (29.8) | 4832 (37.7) | 12,688 (32.4) | |
| Moderate | 10,409 (39.5) | 4385 (34.2) | 14,794 (37.7) | |
| High | 8119 (30.8) | 3606 (28.1) | 11,725 (29.9) | |
| High fat diet | 5461 (20.7) | 2012 (15.7) | 7473 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| More vegetables and fruits intake | 11,748 (44.5) | 4622 (36.0) | 16,370 (41.8) | <0.001 |
| Family history of hypertension | 4055 (15.4) | 3532 (27.5) | 7587 (80.6) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1808 (6.9) | 1892 (14.8) | 3700 (9.5) | <0.001 |
a
For continuous variables, numbers represent the mean ± standard deviation and for categorical variables, numbers represent count (percentage).