Table 1. Demographic Characteristics According to Adherence to Data-Derived Dietary Patterns Among 2935 Danish Young Men (2008-2017).
| Characteristic | Dietary Patterns | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western | Prudent | Open-Sandwich | Vegetarianlike | |||||
| Quintile 1 (n=587) | Quintile 5 (n=587) | Quintile 1 (n=587) | Quintile 5 (n=587) | Quintile 1 (n=587) | Quintile 5 (n=587) | Quintile 1 (n=587) | Quintile 5 (n=587) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 19 (19-20) | 19 (19-20) | 19 (19-20) | 19 (19-20) | 19 (19-20) | 19 (19-20) | 19 (19-19) | 19 (19-20) |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 22 (21-24) | 22 (20-24) | 22 (20-24) | 22 (21-24) | 22 (20-24) | 22 (21-24) | 23 (21-25) | 22 (20-24) |
| Height, median (IQR), m | 1.82 (1.78-1.87) | 1.81 (1.77-1.86) | 1.81 (1.76-1.86) | 1.82 (1.78-1.87) | 1.81 (1.76-1.86) | 1.83 (1.78-1.88) | 1.82 (1.77-1.86) | 1.82 (1.77-1.87) |
| Daily smoking, No. (%) | ||||||||
| Cigarettes | 83 (14.1) | 233 (39.7) | 215 (36.6) | 113 (19.3) | 180 (30.7) | 135 (23.0) | 159 (27.1) | 153 (26.1) |
| Marijuana | 11 (1.9) | 44 (7.5) | 40 (6.8) | 13 (2.2) | 25 (4.3) | 18 (3.1) | 20 (3.4) | 29 (4.9) |
| Other recreational drug use, No. (%) | 45 (7.7) | 108 (18.4) | 80 (13.6) | 59 (10.1) | 77 (13.1) | 62 (10.6) | 72 (12.3) | 74 (12.6) |
| Educational level of the mother >10 y, No. (%) | 336 (57.2) | 326 (55.5) | 293 (49.9) | 366 (62.4) | 301 (51.3) | 334 (56.9) | 325 (55.4) | 373 (63.5) |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activities, median (IQR), h/wk | 9 (5-14) | 8 (4-14) | 6 (3-11) | 10 (7-16) | 6 (3-12) | 10 (6-15) | 9 (4-15) | 8 (4-14) |
| Fever in last 3 mo, No. (%) | 43 (7.3) | 44 (7.5) | 39 (6.6) | 45 (7.7) | 61 (10.4) | 47 (8.0) | 46 (7.8) | 40 (6.8) |
| Self-reported history, No. (%) | ||||||||
| Reproductive diseasea | 107 (18.2) | 145 (24.7) | 113 (19.3) | 122 (20.8) | 104 (17.7) | 134 (22.8) | 127 (21.6) | 118 (20.1) |
| Reproductive surgical procedureb | 70 (11.9) | 72 (12.3) | 58 (9.9) | 79 (13.5) | 62 (10.6) | 66 (11.2) | 64 (10.9) | 53 (9.0) |
| STDc | 43 (7.3) | 98 (16.7) | 87 (14.8) | 63 (10.7) | 84 (14.3) | 61 (10.4) | 72 (12.3) | 70 (11.9) |
| Use of muscle-enhancing products in the last 3 mo, No. (%) | 193 (32.9) | 107 (18.2) | 90 (15.3) | 236 (40.2) | 138 (23.5) | 191 (32.5) | 211 (35.9) | 109 (18.6) |
| Abstinence time, median (IQR), h | 62 (58-85) | 62 (56-84) | 61 (56-84) | 63 (58-85) | 62 (58-84) | 61 (57-84) | 62 (58-84) | 62 (56-85) |
| Sample collected during warm season, No. (%)d | 204 (34.8) | 194 (33.0) | 179 (30.5) | 204 (34.8) | 201 (34.2) | 171 (29.1) | 187 (31.9) | 191 (32.5) |
| Time of day of sample collection, median (IQR), h | 10 (9-11) | 10 (10-11) | 10 (10-11) | 10 (9-11) | 10 (9-11) | 10 (9-11) | 10 (9-11) | 10 (10-11) |
| Time to motility analysis, median (IQR), min | 30 (20-45) | 30 (25-50) | 30 (22-50) | 30 (20-45) | 30 (23-40) | 30 (20-50) | 30 (25-45) | 30 (25-45) |
| Total energy intake, median (IQR), kcal/d | 1821 (1398-2373) | 2303 (1847-3015) | 1881 (1416-2482) | 2278 (1800-2906) | 1637 (1260-2201) | 2596 (2021-3257) | 2050 (1610-2621) | 2118 (1629-2655) |
| Dietary protein, median (IQR), % of energye | 18 (16-21) | 17 (15-19) | 16 (15-18) | 19 (16-21) | 18 (16-21) | 17 (15-19) | 18 (16-21) | 17 (15-19) |
| Total dietary fat, median (IQR), % of energye | 31 (28-35) | 34 (29-39) | 33 (29-38) | 33 (29-37) | 34 (31-38) | 34 (29-38) | 35 (30-38) | 33 (29-37) |
| EPA and DHA level, median (IQR), mg/d | 392 (243-683) | 365 (210-629) | 316 (198-562) | 506 (302-856) | 400 (241-678) | 376 (218-720) | 357 (211-613) | 405 (243-722) |
| Dietary carbohydrate intake, median (IQR), % of energye | 50 (45-54) | 48 (42-55) | 49 (45-54) | 47 (42-52) | 46 (41-51) | 49 (44-53) | 45 (41-51) | 49 (44-54) |
| Total intake, median (IQR), g/de | ||||||||
| Fiber | 24 (18-30) | 15 (12-19) | 18 (13-22) | 19 (15-24) | 16 (12-20) | 20 (15-25) | 18 (13-22) | 19 (14-24) |
| Sugar | 75 (58-92) | 90 (67-123) | 92 (70-119) | 76 (58-96) | 82 (61-102) | 78 (60-99) | 74 (56-96) | 87 (67-107) |
| Added sugar intake, median (IQR), g/de | 23 (13-38) | 48 (30-72) | 47 (30-68) | 27 (16-43) | 38 (22-55) | 30 (18-50) | 28 (16-46) | 40 (25-59) |
| Carotenoid intake, median (IQR), μg/de | 2568 (1318-5248) | 1788 (960-3776) | 1353 (786-2856) | 3348 (1746-6093) | 2352 (1215-4603) | 1985 (1013-3860) | 1661 (890-3028) | 2879 (1387-5671) |
| Vitamin B6 intake, median (IQR), mg/de | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-1) |
| Folic acid intake, median (IQR), μg/de | 271 (230-321) | 234 (199-280) | 228 (196-269) | 271 (229-324) | 240 (199-292) | 250 (216-293) | 232 (200-274) | 264 (225-314) |
| Vitamin B12 intake, median (IQR), μg/de | 7 (5-9) | 6 (5-8) | 6 (5-8) | 7 (5-9) | 6 (5-8) | 7 (5-9) | 7 (5-8) | 6 (5-8) |
| Vitamin C intake, median (IQR), mg/de | 65 (47-87) | 63 (49-80) | 58 (45-74) | 71 (54-93) | 67 (51-91) | 64 (49-80) | 62 (48-81) | 68 (50-88) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; IQR, interquartile range; STD, sexually transmitted disease.
a
Includes self-reported history of varicocele, cryptorchidism, testicular mumps, inguinal hernia, testicular injury (hit, kicked, or otherwise injured so it caused swelling of the scrotum), hydrocele, testicular torsion, hypospadias, epididymo-orchitis, cystitis, or prostatitis.
b
Includes self-reported history of surgery for inguinal hernia, varicocele, hydrocele, testicular torsion, hypospadias, testicular cancer, phimosis, testicular biopsy, vasectomy, refertilization, and other.
c
Includes self-reported history of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and other STDs.
d
Indicates April through September.
e
Adjusted for energy intake using the residual method making nutrient intake independent from energy intake.