Fig. 1.

Flowchart of the study sample in the ALSPAC. ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; CIS-R, Computerized Interview Schedule-Revised; SMFQ, Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire; ICD-10, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. * Baseline depression (at age 9.5 years) was assessed via the SMFQ reported by mothers/main caregivers. ** Participants were defined as depression cases if they had depression score ​≥ ​9 (out of 21) measured via the CIS-R or had ICD-10 diagnosis of depression at early adulthood (i.e., at age 18 years).