Fig. 9.

The adhesion of individual bacteria and large bacterial colonies formation on fs-LIPSSs covered with nano/microstructures in (a). (b) The magnified view of bacterial colonies on nanostructure covered fs-LIPSSs. (c) Bacterial colonies are observed for a combination of conic, rods and spherical structures, (d) and a magnified view of the surface clearly showing E. coli bacteria residing in the flat regions of the structured surfaces. In both cases, the colonies are formed within the non-structured regions.