Table 6.
Mean and median annual cost for comorbid (diabetes mellitus and hypertension) patients at five public facilities in Kenya (2017 US$)
| Care‐seeking Episode | Cost Category | n | Mean KES (95% CI) | Median KES (IQR) | Mean US$ (95% CI) | Median US$ (IQR) | As a % of Total Direct Costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sick visit | Direct health care costs | ||||||
| User charges | 39 | 4720 (3405.9‐6034.1) | 5200 (1300‐6500) | 46.3 (33.4‐59.2) | 51.0 (12.7‐63.7) | 15.2 | |
| Medicines | 39 | 17 880 (4641.7‐31 118.3) | 7670 (3120‐15 600) | 175.3 (45.5‐305.1) | 75.2 (30.6‐152.9) | 57.7 | |
| Direct non–health care costs | |||||||
| Transport | 39 | 7913.3 (3726.5‐12 100.2) | 5200 (2600‐9100) | 77.6 (36.5‐118.6) | 51.0 (25.5‐89.2) | 25.5 | |
| Food | 39 | 486.7 (22.5‐950.8) | 0 | 4.8 (0.2‐9.3) | 0 | 1.6 | |
| Subtotal (direct costs) | 39 | 31 000 (16 546.6‐45 453.4) | 20 800 (10 660‐32 760) | 303.9 (162.2‐445.6) | 203.9 (104.5‐321.2) | ||
| Indirect costs | 39 | 7515.4 (6110.2‐8920.6) | 6856.5 (4063.1‐8888.0) | 73.7 (59.9‐87.5) | 67.2 (39.8‐87.1) | ||
| Direct + Indirect costs | 39 | 38 515.4 (23 247.1‐53 783.7) | 29 688.0 (15 563.4‐41 037.2) | 377.6 (227.9‐527.3) | 291.1 (152.6‐402.3) | ||
| In‐patient admission | Direct health care costs | ||||||
| User charges | 9 | 15 273.9 (287.2‐30 834.9) | 9990 (1000‐14 660) | 149.7 (2.8‐302.3) | 97.9 (9.8‐143.7) | 56.0 | |
| Medicines | 6 | 4545.8 (166.7‐8924.9) | 3598.5 (680‐8500) | 44.6 (1.6‐87.5) | 35.3 (6.7‐83.3) | 11.1 | |
| Direct non–health care costs | |||||||
| Transport | 21 | 2633.3 (592.3‐4674.4) | 1200 (800‐2400) | 25.8 (5.8‐45.8) | 11.8 (7.8‐23.5) | 22.5 | |
| Food | 11 | 2331.8 (589.9‐5253.5) | 600 (300‐2000) | 22.9 (5.8‐51.5) | 5.9 (2.9‐19.6) | 10.4 | |
| Subtotal (direct costs) | 21 | 11 699.5 (2885.6‐20 513.4) | 2750 (1180‐15 960) | 114.7 (28.3‐201.1) | 27.0 (11.6‐156.5) | ||
| Indirect costs | 22 | 4633.5 (3108.5‐6158.5) | 4248.7 (1660.4‐6187.4) | 45.4 (30.5‐60.4) | 41.7 (16.3‐60.7) | ||
| Direct + Indirect costs | 22 | 15 801.2 (6790.6‐24 811.9) | 7149.1 (4060.4‐20 634.9) | 154.9 (66.6‐243.3) | 70.1 (39.8‐202.3) | ||
| Medicine collection | Direct health care costs | ||||||
| Medicines | 78 | 16 269.2 (10 291.7‐22 246.8) | 7200 (3600‐15 000) | 159.5 (100.9‐218.1) | 70.6 (35.3‐147.1) | 88.4 | |
| Direct non–health care costs | |||||||
| Transport | 14 | 8965.7 (4969.6‐12 961.8) | 7200 (4800‐14 400) | 87.9 (48.7‐127.1) | 70.6 (47.1‐141.2) | 8.7 | |
| Food | 7 | 5760 (3876.6‐7643.4) | 7200 (4800‐7200) | 56.5 (38.0‐74.9) | 70.6 (47.1 (70.6) | 2.8 | |
| Subtotal (direct costs) | 79 | 18 162.5 (12 069.3‐24 255.8) | 9120 (4320‐18 000) | 178.1 (118.3‐237.8) | 89.4 (42.4‐176.5) | ||
| Indirect costs | 94 | 8205.7 (6515.2‐9896.2) | 5860.2 (3809.1‐9962.4) | 80.4 (63.9‐97.0) | 57.5 (37.3‐97.7) | ||
| Direct + Indirect costs | 94 | 23 470.0 (17 351.3‐29 588.6) | 14 522.6 (6022.2‐25 785.0) | 230.1 (170.1‐290.1) | 142.4 (59.0‐252.8) | ||
| Diagnostic visit | Direct health care costs | ||||||
| Test cost | 71 | 3643.9 (2132.2‐5155.7) | 1800 (1800‐3600) | 35.7 (20.9‐50.5) | 17.6 (17.6‐35.3) | 70.3 | |
| Direct non–health care costs | |||||||
| Transport | 14 | 6274.3 (4030.7‐8517.8) | 7200 (2400‐9600) | 61.5 (39.5‐83.5) | 70.6 (23.5‐94.1) | 23.9 | |
| Food | 6 | 3560 (1390.9‐5729.1) | 3600 (2400‐3600) | 34.9 (13.6‐56.2) | 35.3 (23.5‐35.3) | 5.8 | |
| Subtotal (direct costs) | 72 | 5110.0 (3282.5‐6937.4) | 1800 (2400‐4080) | 50.1 (32.2‐68.0) | 17.6 (23.5‐40.0) | ||
| Indirect costs | 93 | 5220.8 (4221.9‐6219.6) | 4102.2 (2695.7‐6153.2) | 51.2 (41.4‐61.0) | 40.2 (26.4‐60.3) | ||
| Direct + Indirect costs | 93 | 9176.9 (7078.3‐11 275.4) | 5609.1 (4102.2‐10 060.2) | 90.0 (69.4‐110.5) | 55.0 (40.2‐98.6) | ||
| Scheduled clinics | Direct health care costs | ||||||
| User charges | 73 | 3292.6 (2909.4‐3675.7) | 3000 (2640‐4200) | 32.3 (28.5‐36.0) | 29.4 (25.9‐41.2) | 15.6 | |
| Medicines | 72 | 12 839.2 (7966.7‐17 711.6) | 7200 (3300‐13 200) | 125.9 (78.1‐173.6) | 70.6 (32.4‐129.4) | 59.8 | |
| Direct non–health care costs | 94 | 16 432.2 (12 120.0‐20 744.5) | 10 560 (5640‐17 400) | 161.1 (118.8‐203.4) | 103.5 (55.3‐170.6) | ||
| Transport | 82 | 4013.3 (3125.5‐4901.0) | 2400 (1200‐4800) | 39.3 (30.6‐48.0) | 23.5 (11.8‐47.1) | 21.3 | |
| Food | 10 | 5076 (134.9‐10 017.1) | 2640 (1800‐4800) | 49.8 (1.3‐98.2) | 25.9 (17.6 (47.1) | 3.3 | |
| Subtotal (direct costs) | 94 | 16 432.2 (12 120‐20 744.5) | 10 560 (5640‐17 400) | 161.1 (118.8‐203.4) | 103.5 (55.3‐170.6) | ||
| Indirect costs | 94 | 4632.5 (3985.5‐5279.4) | 3516.1 (2695.7‐5860.2) | 45.4 (39.1‐51.8) | 34.5 (26.4‐57.4) | ||
| Direct + Indirect costs | 94 | 21 064.7 (16 336.1‐25 793.2) | 15 255.1 (8769.4‐24 164.3) | 206.5 (160.2‐252.9) | 149.6 (86.0‐236.9) | ||
| Overall costs | Direct health care costs | ||||||
| User charges | 77 | 8837.2 (6958.2‐10 716.1) | 7500 (5500‐9400) | 86.6 (68.2‐105.1) | 73.5 (53.9‐92.2) | 12.9 | |
| Medicines | 81 | 41 187.2 (27 764.2‐54 610.1) | 21 900 (10 300‐42 700) | 403.8 (272.2‐535.4) | 214.7 (101.0‐418.6) | 63.3 | |
| Direct non–health care costs | |||||||
| Transport | 84 | 12 873.2 (9710.5‐16 035.9) | 8340 (3800‐15 300) | 126.2 (95.2‐157.2) | 81.8 (37.3‐150) | 20.5 | |
| Food | 24 | 7438.3 (2701.2‐12 175.4) | 2300 (725‐10 100) | 72.9 (26.5‐119.4) | 22.5 (7.1‐99.0) | 3.3 | |
| Subtotal (direct costs) | 94 | 59 161.8 (45 440.9‐72 882.8) | 42 750 (17 162‐65 550) | 580.0 (445.5‐714.5) | 419.1 (168.3‐642.6) | ||
| Indirect costs | 94 | 24 137.9 (21 314.9‐26 960.9) | 20 571.8 (15 090.0‐29 984.8) | 236.6 (209.0‐264.3) | 201.2 (147.9‐294.0) | ||
| Direct + Indirect costs | 94 | 83 299.8 (68 223.5‐98 376.0) | 63 970.6 (37 833.6‐100 271.8) | 816.7 (668.9‐964.5) | 627.2 (370.9‐983.1) | ||