Table 2. Prevalence of inpatient opioid use by baseline characteristics.
| Characteristic | Inpatient Opioids (n = 118) |
No Inpatient Opioids (n = 99) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.0 (52.8–64.2) | 62.6 (54.0–67.6) | 0.002 | |
| Sex | Female | 43 (58.1%) | 31 (41.9%) | 0.474 |
| Male | 75 (52.4%) | 68 (47.6%) | ||
| Race | White | 96 (55.5%) | 77 (44.5%) | 0.394 |
| Black | 16 (57.1%) | 12 (42.9%) | ||
| Other | 6 (37.5%) | 10 (62.5%) | ||
| Body Mass Index (at admission) | 28.4 (24.0–34.8) | 28.1 (24.4–32.5) | 0.709 | |
| Etiology of Cirrhosis | HCV | 19 (63.3%) | 11 (36.7%) | 0.098 |
| Alcohol | 30 (44.8%) | 37 (55.2%) | ||
| HCV/Alcohol | 23 (67.6%) | 11 (32.4%) | ||
| NAFLD | 21 (50.0%) | 21 (50.0%) | ||
| HBV | 1 (20.0%) | 4 (80.0%) | ||
| Other | 24 (61.5%) | 15 (38.5%) | ||
| MELD score (at admission) | 13.9 (10.7–18.5) | 15.0 (12.3–20.2) | 0.101 | |
| MELD-Na score (at admission) | 16.4 (10.7–21.4) | 17.8 (14.9–22.3) | 0.065 | |
| Cirrhosis Complications (pre-admission) | Hepatic encephalopathy | 42 (51.2%) | 40 (48.8%) | 0.574 |
| Ascites | 80 (54.1%) | 68 (45.9%) | >0.999 | |
| HCC | 9 (52.9%) | 8 (47.1%) | >0.999 | |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 2 (28.6%) | 5 (71.4%) | 0.251 | |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 10 (50.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | 0.815 | |
| Esophageal varices with bleeding | 80 (56.7%) | 61 (43.3%) | 0.318 | |
| ESRD/hemodialysis | 2 (40.0%) | 3 (60.0%) | 0.662 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Score | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 0.930 | |
| Depression | 57 (67.1%) | 28 (32.9%) | 0.003 | |
| Anxiety | 31 (58.5%) | 22 (41.5%) | 0.527 | |
| Substance Abuse/Dependence | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 | |
| Outpatient Opioid Prescription | 65 (72.2%) | 25 (27.8%) | <0.001 | |
Medians (IQRs) listed for all categorical variables; All statistically significant associations are in bold; HCV: hepatitis C virus; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HBV: hepatitis B virus; MELD: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; ESRD: end-stage renal disease