Fig. 1. Study overview.

(A) Sample collection and multi-omics data generation. Our study included 35 patients with GC who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery. We collected pretreatment biopsy samples and posttreatment surgically resected tumor samples. On the basis of rigorously evaluated radiological and pathological evidence, patients were classified into a response group (n = 17) and a nonresponse group (n = 18). We obtained multi-omics data on the pretreatment samples and the nonresponse, posttreatment samples through whole-exome sequencing (WES), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). (B) The representative radiological and pathological images from responsive and nonresponsive patients. The yellow arrows indicate the lesion sites. (C) The necrosis rate distribution in the response and nonresponse groups. (D) Mandard tumor regression grading scores of the response and nonresponse groups.