TABLE 1.

Pay-for-performance measures and outcome direction in 15 reviewed studies

Measure	Reference and outcomea
Patient level
Received threshold dose of treatment	2 (+), 11 (+), 6 (−, /)
Length of stay	10 (+), 6 (−)
Likelihood of having early follow-up	15 (+)
Likelihood of having a psychiatric consultation	15 (+)
Service use	11 (+), 4 (−)
Program completion	11 (+), 12 (/), 6 (−, /)
Treatment initiation	3 (+)
Successfully completed detoxification and then received residential or outpatient treatment	12 (+)
Treatment effectiveness	5 (+), 2 (/)
Clinician level
Intentions to achieve target threshold in EBP implementationb	1 (+)
Treatment competence	1 (+), 2 (+)
Client retention	13 (+), 14 (+)
Referrals	8 (+)
Matching between illness severity and treatment intensity	8 (+)
Organization level
Waiting time	10 (+), 6 (/)
Participation in quality improvement initiatives	10 (+)
Occupancy	12 (+)
Program efficiency	5 (+)

^a(+),outcome in incentivized direction; (−), outcome opposite to incentivized direction; (/), no change in outcome

^bEBP, evidence-based practice