Fig. 2. Effects of evogliptin (Evo) on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced pro-fibrotic gene expression in cultured kidney cell lines. Representative Western blot analysis of phosphorylated-Smad3 (p-Smad3), total-Smad3 (t-Smad3), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and type I collagen protein level in TGF-β-stimulated (A) human proximal renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells and (B) normal rat kidney fibroblasts (NRK-49F) cells. Cells were incubated with TGF-β (5 ng/mL) treated with (100 or 200 µg/mL) or without Evo co-treatment for 24 hours. Data are the mean±standard error of the mean (SEM) of three independent measurements. (C) Effects of Evo on PAI-1 promoter activity in NRK-49F and NRK-52E cells. Cells were treated with TGF-β (5 ng/mL) treated with (100 µg/mL) or without Evo co-treatment for 24 hours. Data are the mean±SEM of three independent measurements. NS, not significant; Luc, luciferase. ^aP<0.05, ^bP<0.01, ^cP<0.001.