Table 3.

Examples of artificial EV mimetics

EV mimetics	Therapeutic applications	Reference
Exosome-mimicking liposomes	Provide intracellular delivery of VEGF siRNA resulting in effective silencing	(Lu et al., 2018)
Exosome-mimicking liposomes	Facilitate fluorescent and magnetic imaging tracing by applying localized nuclear magnetic interactions of hydrogens via superparamagnetic labels	(De La Pena et al., 2009)
Exosome-mimicking liposomes coated with Apo2L/TRAIL	Enhance tumor apoptosis-inducing ability for anti-cancer therapies.	(De Miguel et al., 2013)
Exosome-mimicking liposomes coated with Apo2L/TRAIL	Decrease synovial hyperplasia and inflammation in a rabbit model of antigen-induced rheumatoid arthritis	(Martinez- Lostao et al., 2010)
Lipid nanoparticles bound to TRAIL	More effective at sensitizing resistant sarcoma cells than soluble recombinant TRAIL	(Gallego-Lleyda et al., 2018)
Exosome-like nanoparticles	Intestinal mucus-derived nanoparticles possess NK T- cell inhibitory activity for therapy in autoimmune liver disease	(Deng et al., 2013)
Exosome-like nanoparticles	Ginger-derived nanoparticles activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species in alcohol-induced liver injury	(Zhuang et al., 2015)
Exosome-like nanoparticles	Broccoli-derived nanoparticles prevent mouse colitis by activating AMPK signaling in dendritic cells	(Deng et al., 2017)
Exosome-like nanolipids loaded with doxorubicin	Improve the chemotherapeutic inhibition of tumor growth compared with free drug; prevent inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer	(Zhang et al., 2016b; Zhang et al., 2016a)
Exosome-like nanoparticles loaded with 6-shogaol	Mitigate ulcerative colitis and foster wound healing in a murine model of ulcerative colitis.	(Zhang et al., 2018a)