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. 2020 Feb 26;10:3527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60546-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effects of breed, sex, sterilisation, socialisation, living environment, and body size on fear of strangers in the logistic regression analysis. (a) Breeds differed in their likelihood of showing fear of strangers, with Spanish Water Dog being the most and Wheaten Terrier the least fearful breed. (b) Female dogs were more afraid of strangers than male dogs. (c) Intact dogs showed less fear of strangers than neutered dogs. (d) Dogs that had less socialisation experiences in the age of 7–16 weeks showed more fear of strangers. (e) Dogs living in a more urban environment had a higher likelihood of showing fear of strangers. (f) Small sized dogs were more afraid of strangers than medium sized dogs. Grey lines (d,e) and error bars (a,b,c,f) indicate 95% confidence limits. N = 5,932.