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. 2020 Feb 26;10:3495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60449-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alpha and beta diversities of the mucosal surface and intratissue communities within OLP lesions. Bacterial communities from the mucosal surface (OM) and biopsied tissues (OT) of OLP lesions were analyzed by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. For the negative control (NC), DNA was extracted without sample using a DNA extraction kit and subjected to sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. (A) Total bacterial load in each sample was estimated by real-time PCR using universal primers targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. (B) The species richness, evenness, and diversity of the two communities were estimated by the Chao1, Simpson and Shannon indexes, respectively. The horizontal lines and error bars represent medians and interquartile ranges, respectively. (C) A PCoA plot was generated using the weighted UniFrac metric with normalization for read counts. p value by PERMANOVA analysis. (D) The intersubject UniFrac distances of the OM and OT communities were obtained using a weighted metric and presented as box and whisker plots. *p < 0.05 by two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test.