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. 2020 Feb 26;10:3495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60449-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differences in relative abundance between the mucosal surface and intratissue communities at the phylum and species levels. (A) The members of the top 10 phyla are shown. (B) Two phyla were differentially distributed between the two communities. (C) The relative abundances of 47 species/phylotypes differently distributed (p < 0.05 by two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test) between two groups are shown as a heat map. (D) The relative abundance of E. coli was estimated by real-time PCR using universal- and E. coli-specific primers. (E) Correlation plot of relative abundances obtained by high-throughput sequencing and qPCR methods. *p < 0.05 by two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test. r and p values by Spearman’s rank correlation test.