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. 2020 Feb 26;11:1051. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14888-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Experiment 1. a Sequences of pure tones were presented binaurally on each trial. Three reference tones defining the beat frequency (or tempo; vertical lines) of the sequence preceded a mixture of on-beat and off-beat tones. Participants performed a beat discrimination task at the end of each trial, by deciding whether the last tone of the sequence, a spectral deviant (785 Hz vs. 660 Hz), was on or off beat. The beat frequency varied across conditions (from 0.6 Hz to 3.8 Hz). b Individual difficulty level to reach threshold performance for a 2 Hz tempo. Difficulty was modulated by adjusting the density of distractors in the sequence (number of distractors per beat). c Average performance per condition (beat frequency). Data were approximated with a polynomial function (plain line), and an optimal tempo (leading to a maximal performance) could be estimated (vertical line). The orange dot indicates the tempo (2 Hz) that served to estimate the individual difficulty level. d Individual estimates of the optimal tempo. One outlier participant (4.5 Hz) is not visible. Error bars indicate s.e.m. (n = 30). Boxplots represent median and 1.5 times the interquartile range.