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. 2020 Feb 26;10:3504. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60323-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of chemical additives on transient GUS expression. Agrobacterium GV3101 harboring pEarleyGate 101-uidA was infiltrated with different chemical additives; (a) Silwett L-77, (b) Pluronic F-68, (c) ascorbic acid and d) PVP as measured by image analysis of the GUS-stained female flowers collected 45 days after germination. The total GUS expression value without additives in each figure was used to normalize the relative expression level. Bars indicate ± standard error of the mean. Means followed by the same letter indicate no significant difference (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis was completed using a 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test.