Figure 2.

The relationship among OS, common risk factors, and common mechanism of ischemic CVD (stroke and CHD) and depression. The common risk factors, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, can affect either ischemic stroke or depression. Moreover, they can exert influence via overactive OS activity and downregulated antioxidant defenses. On the other hand, OS acts as one of the common mechanisms promoting postischemic depression and it also interacts with inflammation, cell death signaling pathway (apoptosis and autophagy), and gut-brain axis to exacerbate the process of postischemic depression.