Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to develop a prototype of a novel respiratory device that we validated and assessed clinically and examined the effect of prototype of respiratory device on blood pressure (BP).
Methods
Prototype of respiratory device (TU-Breath Training) was designed with pressure cuff and application software was created. The immediate effect of resisted breathing was determined in 20 adults with high BP (systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg). A crossover study was designed. A total of 20 eligible participants were asked to sit quietly for 10 min. Heart rate (HR), BP, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured and recorded. After the resting period, all participants were randomized and counterbalanced for undergoing the set of inspiratory muscle training by TU-Breath Training and control group. A set of respiratory training were composed of 10 times per set for three sets, while the control group was asked to sit for 10 min.
Results
After inspiratory training, both the systolic and diastolic BP decreased significantly. Compared with control group, using TU-Breath Training decreased systolic BP (−7.00 ± 5.93 mmHg) and diastolic BP (−5.95 ± 8.88 mmHg), but did not show differences in HR and SpO2.
Conclusion
The study indicated that in high-BP participants, the prototype of respiratory device (TU-Breath Training) elicits decreased BP.
Keywords: respiratory training device, immediate effect, inspiratory muscle training, blood pressure, hypertension, respiratory muscle strength
Introduction
Non-communicable disease (NCD) is leading cardiovascular risk factors for coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and kidney disease [1–4]. High blood pressure (BP) is one of the components of NCD and also metabolic syndromes [5–8]. Treatment for high BP could be pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, such as aerobic exercise, breathing exercise, and lifestyle modification [9–15]. The respiratory training devices have been commonly reported to improve respiratory muscle and decreased BP. These efficiencies are also encouraging diaphragm and lungs expansion. However, the respiratory device usually consists of mouthpiece and therefore accessory muscles (e.g., sternocleidomastoid muscle) might be used. A specific training for the inspiratory muscle (i.e., diaphragm) should be focused. Thus, the study proposes to research the development and the efficacy of the respiratory training device on BP. Therefore, the study was aimed to develop a prototype of a novel respiratory device and the effect of respiratory device prototype on BP among participants with high BP.
Material and Methods
Two components of the study were designed, namely development of respiratory training device and study on participants.
Developmental of respiratory training device (TU-Breath Training)
The TU-Breath Training system is composed of three main parts including an air-resistive respiration training device, an electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring device, and a smartphone with dedicated application installed (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Block diagram of the system
In the air-resistive training device, the air cuff is covered with a tailored fabric to fit normal size of adult waist. It can be filled with air using a manual air pump. The air cuff has an airway connection to the pressure sensor with a flexible rubber pipe reinforced with a cable tie to ensure that there is no air leakage at sensor side port. The pressure sensor is a monolithic silicon piezoresistive transducer with measurement range 0–50 kPa. It has maximum error limit at ±1.25 kPa throughout measurement range. The pressure sensor outputs voltage level with the sensitivity of 54 mV/kPa. The microcontroller (MCU) reads the pressure value through an analog-to-digital (ADC) module with sampling rate of 10 Hz. The MCU then sends formatted data to a smartphone through bluetooth communication. The ECG monitoring device is composed of an instrumentation amplifier, ECG electrodes, an MCU, and a bluetooth module. The very low voltage signal from ECG electrodes is differentially amplified by 200 times using the instrumentation amplifier, which is then fed into ADC of the MCU with sampling rate of 125 Hz. With this sampling rate, the resolution of RR interval is 8 ms. The MCU transmits ECG data to a smartphone through bluetooth module (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Configuration of the respiration training system with the model
The pressure value sent from training device is then processed in a smartphone. The air pressure signal is also used for the respiration rate calculation. The signal from ECG monitoring device is processed in a smartphone for the HR calculation. Furthermore, the application provides real-time ECG signal graphically.
Study on participants with high BP
The validation and accuracy were monitored in 30 healthy participants including males and females. The study revealed that the validity was observed in heartbeat, inspiratory and respiratory muscle strength from the TU-Breath Training in healthy adults [16]. After the prototype of respiratory device has been validated, the TU-Breath Training was examined in participants who had high BP. The aim of this study was to determine the immediate of efficacy of the TU-Breath Training on BP among adults with high BP.
Participants and design
A crossover study was designed. A total of 20 participants including both males and females aged over 20 years old with high BP were recruited. Those participants who had high BP [defined as systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg] were enrolled in this study. The exclusion criteria were recently unstable angina, myocardial infarction within 1 month, resting heart rate (HR) > 120 beats/min, or SBP > 180 mmHg or DBP > 100 mmHg, or pregnancy woman. The ethics and protocol were approved by the ethical committee of Thammasat University, Thailand.
Measures and apparatus
Participants were instructed for the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) using the TU-Breath Training. The MIP was defined as the pressure in which the participants perform inspiration in a deep and slow manner without using accessory muscle. The study divided into two groups (i.e., training and control groups) that were randomly assigned. According to the training group, all participants were asked to sit quietly for 10 min and then BP, HR, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured. Participants performed the respiratory muscle training using the TU-Breath Training for 10 min. The respiratory resistance was set as 40% of MIP. Finally, these participants were measured BP, HR, and SpO2 after completion of 10 min. One week later, the participants were invited to return to the laboratory. BP, HR, and SpO2 were performed prior to and after the 10-min resting, while the participants were asked to sit for 10 min.
Resting BP (i.e., 10-min initial rest) was recorded on the left arm using a portable ECG monitor (Philips Intellivue MP20 bedside monitor, Phillips Electronics, Eindhoven, Netherlands), which had been calibrated. An appropriate arm cuff size was connected on the left semi-flexed arm at the heart-level height as recommended by the manufacturer. In addition, two BP readings were taken at a 1-min interval, and a mean BP was calculated [17]. However, if the two BP readings differ by >5 mmHg, a third BP reading was recorded and then the three BP readings were averaged. The HR and SpO2 were also performed using pulse oximeter from portable ECG monitor (Philips Intellivue MP20 bedside monitor). After 10 min rest, HR and SpO2 were recorded again at 11th min. The average of two readings was noted.
Results
A crossover study design with a total of 20 participants was requested to perform respiratory muscle training with 40% of MIP for 10 min. BP, HR and SpO2 were recorded before and after the study. There were no significant differences in an initial resting BP, HR, and SpO2 between training and control groups (Table I). Paired t-tests were then used to compare baseline values with training values, which indicated that resting SBP and DBP [t(19) = 5.280, p < 0.001 and t(19) = 2.998, p = 0.007, respectively] had decreased significantly over training program, whereas resting HR and SpO2 had not changed significantly after training program (Table II).
Table I.
Characteristic data of the participants
| n (%) | Mean ± SD | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 10 (50) | |
| Female | 10 (50) | |
| Age (years) | 58.25 ± 13.78 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 139.15 ± 15.82 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.95 ± 10.48 | |
| HR (bpm) | 80.50 ± 15.59 | |
| SpO2 (%) | 98.15 ± 1.69 |
SD: standard deviation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SpO2: oxygen saturation; HR: heart rate
Table II.
Comparison of the effect of pre- and post-training in 20 participants on SBP, DBP, HR, and SpO2
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | t(19) | p value | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | TU-Breath Training | 139.15 ± 15.82 | 132.15 ± 18.24 | [4.23 to 3.19] | 5.280 | <0.001 |
| Control | 138.65 ± 14.21 | 136.40 ± 18.57 | [−2.28 to 6.78] | 1.040 | 0.312 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | TU-Breath Training | 82.95 ± 10.48 | 77.00 ± 11.43 | [1.80 to 10.10] | 2.998 | 0.007 |
| Control | 83.60 ± 9.21 | 81.85 ± 12.68 | [−1.69 to 5.19] | 1.064 | 0.301 | |
| SpO2 (%) | TU-Breath Training | 98.15 ± 1.69 | 98.40 ± 1.27 | [−1.16 to −0.58] | −0.575 | 0.572 |
| Control | 98.25 ± 1.52 | 97.90 ± 1.21 | [−0.09 to 0.79] | 1.677 | 0.110 | |
| HR (bpm) | TU-Breath Training | 80.50 ± 15.59 | 77.85 ± 15.74 | [−0.75 to 6.05] | 1.040 | 0.119 |
| Control | 78.35 ± 15.60 | 77.95 ± 15.88 | [−1.28 to 2.08] | 0.498 | 0.624 |
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SpO2: oxygen saturation; HR: heart rate; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; bpm: beats per minute
In addition, a comparison between intervention and control groups revealed that training group had lower SBP and DBP [t(19) = −4.395, p < 0.001 and t(19) = −2.856, p = 0.010, respectively] than control group (Table III).
Table III.
Comparison of respiratory training (TU-Breath Training) and control groups on SBP, DBP, SpO2, and HR
| TU-Breath Training | Control | 95% CI | t(19) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔSBP (mmHg) | −7.00 ± 5.93 | −0.40 ± 3.59 | [−9.74 to −3.46] | −4.395 | <0.001 |
| ΔDBP (mmHg) | −5.95 ± 8.88 | −0.35 ± 0.93 | [−9.70 to −1.50] | −2.856 | 0.010 |
| ΔSpO2 (%) | 0.25 ± 1.94 | −2.25 ± 9.68 | [−2.25 to 7.25] | 1.101 | 0.285 |
| ΔHR (bpm) | −2.65 ± 7.26 | −1.75 ± 7.35 | [−4.99 to 3.19] | −0.460 | 0.651 |
Δ: change; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SpO2: oxygen saturation; HR: heart rate; CI: confidence interval; bpm: beats per minute
Discussion
This study aimed to develop the prototype of respiratory training (TU-Breath Training) and also determine whether the prototype could be able to reduce BP in adults with high BP. The prototype was designed with pressure cuff for breathing and HR monitor. These monitors are displayed in smartphone. In addition, the prototype has been validated and the accuracy has been comparable with ECG monitor (Philips Intellivue MP20 bedside monitor) for heartbeat monitor and respiratory pressure meter (MicroRPMTM, Cat. No. RPM01, CareFusion Germany) for inspiratory muscle strength [16], respectively. The efficiency of the TU-Breath Training has been examined in participants with high BP and HR. The main findings of the study were that participants had shown decreased SBP and DBP (−7.00 ± 5.93 and −5.95 ± 8.88 mmHg, respectively). Thus, the results confirm that the TU-Breath Training is effective in decreased BP after training for 10 min.
Similarly, several studies have shown that acute effects of different inspiratory muscle-resistive loading on cardiovascular responses; it has been found that low intensities (i.e., 30% of MIP during inspiratory-resistive loading) were associated with improvement in parasympathetic sinus node modulation and the influence of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) [18]. In addition, HR and BP have been increased after 60% of MIP, which is of high intensities [19]. Furthermore, the systematic review with six studies demonstrated that effect of inspiratory muscle training at low intensities could promote an increase in HR variability (HRV) or reduction in sympathetic modulation in patient with hypertension [20]. Hence, this study evaluated the effect of TU-Breath Training with 40% of MIP in hypertensive participants and observed that BP decreased at 40% MIP. Therefore, these results by McConnell and Griffiths [19] and Archiza et al. [18] can be partially compared with this study. Increases in RSA might be resulting from increases in intrathoracic pressure and that improving baroreceptors or changes in the breathing pattern after resistive loading [21]. In addition, Seals et al. [22] acclaimed that negative intrathoracic pressure could increase lung volume during inspiratory phase and reduction in systematic arterial pressure. Therefore, these mechanisms that may, in part, explain the TU-Breath Training and decreased BP in hypertensive patients.
In addition, several studies have been reported that BP could be reduced by increased inspiratory muscle strength [23, 24]. Ferreira et al. [24] examined the effect of inspiratory muscle training in patients with hypertension on BP and HRV over 8-week program. The study found that increased inspiratory muscle and reduced BP (i.e., SBP and DBP) were observed in the inspiratory muscle training. Improved cardiovascular autonomic control in adults with high BP was noted in the study, with increased parasympathetic nervous system and reduced sympathetic nervous system. Reductions of BP have been evidenced with the slow breathing and without load that might be from the RSA [25–27]. Decreased BP during respiratory training is related to improved baroreflex sensitivity, which decreases in sympathetic activity or increases in parasympathetic activity [25, 28, 29]. However, lack of baroreflex measurement or respiratory rate was not measured in this study. Therefore, the future study should be a consideration regarding baroreflex measurement, the respiratory rate control, and autonomic control (i.e., HRV).
The study is currently working on enhancing the accuracy and the performance of the respiratory training prototype. Furthermore, the study would further involve the efficacy of the respiratory training (TU-Breath Training), particularly reduced BP among participants with high BP. The study found that signals of the heartbeat, and respiratory and inspiratory muscle strength were accurate and validated. In addition, the initial investigation tested the acute effect of respiratory training prototype by decreased BP after 10-min training from over 20 participants who had high BP. Further trials are being planned whereby the study will determine whether using the prototype could improve the physiological and psychological parameters in participants with high BP. In addition, the ultimate version for the prototype is to provide a compact, portable, easy to use, cheap, and robust the combination of the physiological monitoring device (i.e., heartbeat, respiratory rate, inspiratory muscle pressure, and HRV). The cost of the device is also considered in the future study for the final developed version of the device.
Conclusions
TU-Breathing Training, which is a respiratory training exercise, might be an alternative device to control or reduce BP in participants with high BP. However, a long-term study should be a consideration for improving autonomic control over cardiovascular system (i.e., BP and HRV) in hypertensive patients.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all the participants who participated in this study.
Funding Statement
Funding sources: The study was fully supported by a research grant from the National Research Council of Thailand.
Authors’ contribution
KY, CT, and SB designed the study. CT developed the respiratory device. KY, SB, KP, and PS collected the data. KY analyzed and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. All authors had approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest in this study.
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