Table 4.
LME regression beta coefficients: aggregate messaging on race bettors’ intended, actual, and excess spend
| Betting spend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intended | Actual | Actual (excess) | ||||
| Logistic ($ > 0) | Log-normal [ln($)] | Logistic ($ > 0) | Log-normal [ln($)] | Logistic ($ > 0) | Log-normal [ln($)] | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Saturday | −0.166 (0.110) | −0.202 (0.042)** | 1.043 (0.134)** | 0.390 (0.041)** | 0.522 (0.148)** | 0.257 (0.045)** |
| Spend intention ($ > 0) | 2.573 (0.134)** | |||||
| Spend intention [ln($)] | 0.222 (0.013)** | |||||
| PG/MR | −0.128 (0.248) | 0.481 (0.165)** | 0.336 (0.233) | 0.506 (0.164)** | 0.618 (0.181)** | 0.569 (0.143)** |
| Inducement count (z) | 0.184 (0.111) | 0.013 (0.034) | 0.408 (0.121)** | 0.225 (0.046)** | 0.040 (0.139) | 0.112 (0.055)* |
| Advertisement count (z) | 0.120 (0.108) | −0.001 (0.044) | 0.614 (0.118)** | 0.203 (0.046)** | 0.374 (0.135)** | 0.224 (0.054)** |
| PG/MR: inducement count (z) | 0.053 (0.164) | 0.096 (0.052) | −0.101 (0.186) | −0.120 (0.065) | 0.170 (0.209) | −0.056 (0.077) |
| PG/MR: advertisement count (z) | 0.091 (0.155) | 0.073 (0.063) | 0.300 (0.180) | 0.054 (0.064) | 0.274 (0.201) | −0.023 (0.074) |
| Constant | 0.754 (0.168)** | 4.070 (0.110)** | 1.128 (0.158)** | 4.021 (0.111)** | −0.813 (0.144)** | 3.220 (0.106)** |
| Random effects (participant) | ||||||
| Variance (intercept) | 3.851 | 1.849 | 2.850 | 1.795 | 1.206 | 1.144 |
| No. of observations | 3,585 | 2,123 | 3,592 | 2,567 | 2,756 | 1,870 |
| No. of participants | 316 | 307 | 318 | 307 | 283 | 276 |
Note. Bracketed values indicate standard errors. LME: linear mixed effect; (z): predictor standardized (i.e., scaled and centered); PG: problem gambler; MR: moderate-risk gambler.
*p < .05. **p < .01.