Table 2.

Relationship between total omega-3, omega-6, and respiratory outcomes

	Total Omega-3				Total Omega-6				Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	Coefficient	P Value	Coefficient	P Value	Coefficient	P Value	Coefficient	P Value	Coefficient	P Value	Coefficient	P Value
FEV₁, % predicted^*	5.99 (−0.73 to 12.72)	0.08	6.90 (−0.09 to 13.89)	0.05	−1.39 (−2.45 to −0.34)	<0.01	−1.50 (−2.57 to −0.43)	0.01	−3.09 (−6.25 to 0.08)	0.06	−3.51 (−6.73 to −0.29)	0.04
CAT score^†	−4.83 (−7.85 to −1.81)	<0.01	−4.54 (−7.76 to −1.31)	0.01	0.93 (0.46 to 1.40)	<0.01	0.84 (0.34 to 1.34)	<0.01	2.14 (0.70 to 3.57)	<0.01	1.95 (0.45 to 3.45)	0.01
SGRQ total^‡	−11.57 (−18.23 to −4.91)	<0.01	−11.11 (−18.19 to −4.03)	<0.01	2.16 (1.11 to 3.20)	<0.01	1.95 (0.85 to 3.05)	<0.01	5.28 (2.13 to 8.44)	<0.01	4.93 (1.66 to 8.20)	<0.01
CCQ^‡	−0.60 (−1.00 to −0.20)	<0.01	−0.58 (−1.00 to −0.15)	0.01	0.09 (0.03 to 0.16)	<0.01	0.09 (0.02 to 0.15)	0.01	0.24 (0.05 to 0.43)	0.01	0.23 (0.04 to 0.43)	0.02
6MWD^§	194.10 (−15.51 to 403.70)	0.07	178.74 (−43.82 to 401.30)	0.11	−32.06 (−63.39 to −0.72)	0.05	−30.96 (−64.84 to 2.92)	0.07	−78.65 (−172.73 to 15.44)	0.07	−79.41 (−176.28 to 17.46)	0.11
mMRC, OR^‡	0.48 (0.19 to 1.22)	0.12	0.42 (0.15 to 1.22)	0.11	1.19 (1.02 to 1.39)	0.02	1.23 (1.04 to 1.47)	0.02	1.46 (0.97 to 2.19)	0.07	1.52 (0.96 to 2.42)	0.07
Severe exacerbation, OR^¶	0.06 (0.01 to 0.54)	0.01	0.08 (0.01 to 0.73)	0.03	1.58 (1.12 to 2.21)	<0.01	1.48 (1.05 to 2.09)	0.02	2.53 (1.29 to 4.99)	<0.01	2.25 (1.09 to 4.64)	0.03
Any exacerbation, OR^¶	0.33 (0.09 to 1.27)	0.11	0.31 (0.07 to 1.38)	0.13	1.30 (1.06 to 1.61)	0.01	1.30 (1.03 to 1.64)	0.02	1.47 (0.93 to 2.32)	0.10	1.41 (0.84 to 2.38)	0.19

Definition of abbreviations: 6MWD = 6-minute-walk distance; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; CCQ = Clinical COPD Questionnaire; FEV₁ = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; mMRC = modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; OR = odds ratio; SGRQ = St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Coefficient represents predicted change in outcome, or odds ratio (OR) where noted, with 95% confidence interval per 1-g increase in total omega-3 or omega-6 intake. Model 1 is adjusted for alternate fatty acid. Model 2 includes the following covariates: age, sex, race (white vs. others), education (high school or less vs. more than high school), body mass index, total calories, pack-years of smoking, FEV₁ percent predicted (except when FEV₁ percent predicted is an outcome), and alternate fatty acid. Coefficients reaching statistical significance (P < 0.05) are shown in boldface.

Model 1, n = 111; model 2, n = 111.

^{^†}

Model 1, n = 107; model 2, n = 106.

^{^‡}

Model 1, n = 111; model 2, n = 110.

^{^§}

n = 76.

^{^¶}

Model 1, n = 112; model 2, n = 111.