Table 4.
Change in T-Scores, Mean Difference and Effect Size
| Outcome | Change score (SD)a |
MD (95% CI)b | Effect size (ηp2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VMT | WLC | |||
| Pain-related self-efficacy | 4.84 (5.14) | −0.26 (4.76) | 5.10 (1.52 to 8.68) | 0.20 |
| Pain interference | −2.46 (5.06) | −0.45 (3.52) | −2.01 (−5.17 to 1.15) | 0.03 |
| Pain intensity | −5.7 (7.24) | −1.86 (4.47) | −3.85 (−8.19 to 0.49) | 0.10 |
| Anxiety | −2.42 (8.55) | 0.39 (7.32) | −2.82 (−8.56 to 2.94) | 0.06 |
| Depression | −4.92 (4.83) | 2.56 (7.99) | −7.48 (−12.25 to −2.71) | 0.26 |
| Positive affect and well-being | 0.14 (6.8) | −2.22 (5.96) | 2.36 (−2.27 to 6.98) | 0.06 |
| Ability to participate in social activities | 2.26 (3.62) | −2.55 (6.53) | 4.81 (0.99 to 8.62) | 0.24 |
| Satisfaction with social roles | 1.59 (5.82) | −0.51 (6.86) | 2.10 (−2.49 to 6.70) | 0.03 |
a
change from baseline to week 12.
b
Ninety-five percent CI intervals that do not include the value zero suggest that the findings are statistically significant.
ηp2, partial eta squared based on ANCOVA.
CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; SD, standard deviation; VMT, vocal music therapy; WLC, waitlist control.