Table 1.
Clinical and sociodemographic differences among glycaemic status groups of the Mollerussa cohort
| Normoglycaemia FPG <100 mg/dL and HbA1c <5.7% |
Pre-diabetes FPG 100 to <126 mg/dL, or HbA1c 5.7% to <6.5% |
Diabetes FPG≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5% |
Mean difference NG vs PD (95% CI) | Mean difference NG vs DM (95% CI) | |
| N | 334 | 229 | 20 | – | – |
| Sex, women | 193 (57.8%) | 135 (59.0%) | 13 (65.0%) | 1.2 (-7.1 to 9.4) | 7.2 (-14.3 to 28.8) |
| Age, years | 47.1 (12.8) | 54.6 (12.3) | 61.2 (13.6) | 7.5 (5.4 to 9.6) | 14.2 (8.4 to 19.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 (4.27) | 27.5 (4.75) | 30.2 (5.48) | 2.1 (1.4 to 2.9) | 4.9 (2.9 to 6.9) |
| BMI categories | |||||
| Normal weight | 160 (50.0%) | 67 (30.2%) | 4 (20.0%) | −18.6 (-26.6 to -10.7) | −27.9 (-46.2 to -9.6) |
| Overweight | 120 (37.5%) | 106 (47.7%) | 5 (25.0%) | 10.4 (2.1 to 18.6) | −10.9 (-30.6 to 8.7) |
| Obesity | 40 (12.5%) | 49 (22.1%) | 11 (55.0%) | 9.4 (3.1 to 15.8) | 43.0 (20.9 to 65.1) |
| Waist, cm | 91.9 (11.9) | 97.0 (12.3) | 101 (16.8) | 5.1 (2.9 to 7.2) | 9.3 (3.8 to 14.9) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 119 (16.3) | 126 (16.6) | 130 (18.6) | 6.7 (3.9 to 9.5) | 10.9 (3.5 to 18.5) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 75.7 (10.0) | 78.2 (9.88) | 78.0 (9.24) | 2.5 (0.8 to 4.2) | 2.3 (-2.2 to 6.8) |
| Hypertension | 37 (11.1%) | 49 (21.4%) | 9 (45.0%) | 10.3 (4.0 to 16.6) | 33.9 (11.9 to 55.9) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 27 (8.08%) | 39 (17.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 8.9 (3.2 to 14.6) | 16.9 (-2.3 to 36.1) |
| Family history DM | 94 (29.6%) | 78 (37.0%) | 8 (42.1%) | 5.9 (-1.9 to 13.7) | 11.8 (-10.1 to 33.9) |
| Education, high level | 265 (82.6%) | 145 (65.0%) | 11 (55.0%) | −16.0 (-23.6 to -8.4) | −24.3 (-46.6 to -2.1) |
| Physical activity | 243 (75.9%) | 141 (63.2%) | 10 (50.0%) | −11.2 (-19.1 to -3.3) | −22.7 (-45.2 to -0.3) |
| Current smoker | 82 (24.6%) | 63 (27.5%) | 3 (15.0%) | 3.0 (-4.4 to 10.4) | −9.5 (-25.9 to 6.8) |
| Alcohol, g/day | 8.33 (13.9) | 12.3 (21.3) | 10.6 (17.2) | 4.0 (0.9 to 6.9) | 2.2 (-5.8 to 10.3) |
| FPG, mg/dL | 86.6 (7.04) | 97.0 (11.2) | 119 (15.2) | 10.4 (8.8 to 11.9) | 32.6 (28.4 to 36.8) |
| HbA1c, % | 5.25 (0.26) | 5.80 (0.29) | 6.26 (0.54) | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.6) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 33.8 (2.81) | 39.9 (3.12) | 45.0 (5.92) | 6.1 (5.6 to 6.6) | 11.1 (9.7 to 12.5) |
| eGFR mL/min/1.73 m2 | 96.6 (14.1) | 90.4 (15.9) | 85.5 (18.1) | −6.2 (-8.7 to -3.7) | −11.2 (-17.9 to -4.4) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 104 (90.0) | 111 (63.2) | 116 (47.3) | 6.6 (-6.8 to 19.9) | 11.2 (-24.7 to 47.1) |
| T-cholesterol, g/dL | 197 (38.2) | 205 (32.4) | 214 (31.1) | 7.9 (1.9 to 14.0) | 16.9 (0.7 to 33.1) |
| HDL, mg/dL | 58.7 (15.0) | 58.8 (14.3) | 64.6 (17.6) | 0.1 (-2.4 to 2.6) | 5.9 (-0.86 to 12.6) |
| LDL, mg/dL | 119 (31.4) | 125 (29.4) | 126 (27.7) | 6.3 (1.1 to 11.4) | 7.5 (-6.3 to 21.4) |
| Insulin, µU/mL | 7.99 (3.78) | 10.1 (5.46) | 16.2 (17.1) | 2.1 (1.2 to 3.0) | 8.2 (5.8 to 10.7) |
| Fatty Liver Index | 34.0 (26.9) | 44.3 (28.6) | 59.4 (33.0) | 10.3 (5.5 to 15.0) | 25.4 (12.8 to 38.0) |
| HOMA2-β | 104 (31.8) | 97.7 (31.9) | 89.0 (48.4) | −6.3 (-11.8 to -0.8) | −14.9 (-29.7 to -0.2) |
| HOMA2-S | 118 (52.1) | 94.0 (43.4) | 63.3 (26.7) | −23.8 (-32.0 to -15.6) | −54.4 (-76.3 to -32.6) |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.03 (0.48) | 1.33 (0.72) | 2.16 (2.08) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.4) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) |
Mean (SD) and n (%).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA2-ß, homeostatic model assessment-2 beta cell function; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment-2 insulin resistance; HOMA2-S, homeostatic model assessment-2 insulin sensitivity; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NG, normoglycaemia; PD, pre-diabetes; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T-cholesterol, total cholesterol.