Table 2.
Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics by glycaemic status of the individuals with pre-diabetes
| Impaired HbA1c 5.7% to <6.5% | Impaired FPG 100 to <126 mg/dL |
HbA1c 5.7% to <6.5% and FPG 100 to <126 mg/dL | P overall | P HbA1c vs FPG | P HbA1c vs both | P FPG vs both | |
| N | 133 | 42 | 54 | – | – | – | – |
| Sex, women | 84 (63.2%) | 19 (45.2%) | 32 (59.3%) | 0.12 | 0.181 | 0.74 | 0.369 |
| Age, years | 53.4 (12.4) | 50.6 (11.8) | 60.6 (10.5) | < 0.001 | 0.388 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.8 (24.5 to 28.9) | 27.8 (24.5 to 30.6) | 27.5 (25.6 to 30.5) | 0.056 | 0.534 | 0.036 | 0.534 |
| BMI categories | 0.018 | 0.107 | 0.05 | 0.032 | |||
| Normal weight | 43 (33.1%) | 16 (41.0%) | 8 (15.1%) | ||||
| Overweight | 64 (49.2%) | 12 (30.8%) | 30 (56.6%) | ||||
| Obesity | 23 (17.7%) | 11 (28.2%) | 15 (28.3%) | ||||
| Waist, cm | 95.0 (88.0 to 102) | 98.0 (90.0 to 106) | 101 (95.0 to 107) | 0.008 | 0.232 | 0.006 | 0.333 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 124 (16.1) | 129 (15.5) | 128 (18.4) | 0.169 | 0.296 | 0.29 | 0.991 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 78.0 (9.44) | 79.5 (12.0) | 77.9 (9.39) | 0.674 | 0.675 | 0.999 | 0.723 |
| Hypertension | 21 (15.8%) | 9 (21.4%) | 19 (35.2%) | 0.014 | 0.542 | 0.019 | 0.32 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 25 (18.8%) | 4 (9.52%) | 10 (18.5%) | 0.358 | 0.515 | 1 | 0.515 |
| Family history DM | 43 (34.1%) | 18 (48.6%) | 17 (35.4%) | 0.265 | 0.471 | 1 | 0.471 |
| Education, high level | 91 (69.5%) | 23 (59.0%) | 31 (58.5%) | 0.252 | 0.455 | 0.455 | 1 |
| Physical activity | 88 (67.2%) | 21 (53.8%) | 32 (60.4%) | 0.281 | 0.547 | 0.68 | 0.68 |
| Current smoker | 38 (28.6%) | 14 (33.3%) | 11 (20.4%) | 0.338 | 0.693 | 0.496 | 0.496 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 2.92 (0.00 to 15.2) | 7.42 (0.90 to 16.3) | 1.53 (0.00 to 17.9) | 0.369 | 0.336 | 0.735 | 0.336 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 89.2 (6.89) | 106 (4.97) | 109 (5.96) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.14 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.80 (5.70 to 6.00) | 5.40 (5.40 to 5.57) | 5.95 (5.80 to 6.10) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 39.9 (38.8 to 42.1) | 35.5 (34.7 to 37.4) | 41.5 (39.9 to 43.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 93.6 (79.6 to 103) | 93.2 (79.7 to 107) | 89.3 (73.1 to 97.2) | 0.076 | 0.556 | 0.073 | 0.073 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 88.0 (72.0 to 134) | 86.5 (67.0 to 130) | 106 (74.5 to 132) | 0.332 | 0.729 | 0.304 | 0.304 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 205 (34.5) | 209 (28.6) | 203 (29.8) | 0.689 | 0.767 | 0.947 | 0.677 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 58.0 (51.0 to 69.0) | 52.0 (45.0 to 65.8) | 57.0 (51.0 to 66.0) | 0.128 | 0.141 | 0.755 | 0.18 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 125 (32.2) | 133 (25.5) | 120 (23.5) | 0.114 | 0.278 | 0.593 | 0.096 |
| Insulin, µU/mL | 8.00 (6.10 to 10.0) | 9.90 (6.90 to 15.9) | 10.9 (7.90 to 15.6) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | < 0.001 | 0.577 |
| Fatty Liver Index | 34.4 (16.9 to 59.2) | 42.2 (17.7 to 73.6) | 53.8 (32.2 to 73.0) | 0.016 | 0.373 | 0.011 | 0.378 |
| HOMA2-β | 96.6 (81.5 to 122) | 81.7 (64.5 to 118) | 82.8 (63.0 to 108) | 0.001 | 0.034 | 0.002 | 0.693 |
| HOMA2-S | 98.0 (77.2 to 127) | 75.0 (47.2 to 107) | 67.5 (47.5 to 91.3) | < 0.001 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | 0.564 |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.30) | 1.30 (0.90 to 2.15) | 1.50 (1.10 to 2.10) | < 0.001 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 0.545 |
Significant values are shown in bold. Mean (SD), median (IQR) and n (%).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA2-β, homeostatic model assessment-2 beta cell function; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment-2 insulin resistance; HOMA2-S, homeostatic model assessment-2 insulin sensitivity; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.