Table 3.

Women’s leadership programmes in academic medicine and their influence on leadership enactment

Citation	Programme	Purpose	Result	Examination of leadership enactment
				Values	Behaviours	Actions	Styles
Dannels et al 60	ELAM	Evaluate a leadership programme and its impact from medical school leadership perspective.	Medical school deans’ (M=5.62 out of 7), with those having more fellows reporting greater benefit (p=0.01), positive influence on alumnae (M=6.27), and increase their eligibility for promotion (M=5.7).	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dannels et al 62	ELAM	Determine the extent to which programme participants, compared with women from two comparison groups, aspire to leadership, demonstrate mastery of leadership competencies and attain leadership positions.	ELAM participants scored higher than AAMC and non-groups in 15 of the indicators, and for one indicator they scored higher than the American Association of Medical Colleges group (aspiration to leadership outside academic health centres). The differences were statistically significant for 12 indicators. Indicators, including seven of the leadership competencies, three of the administrative leadership attainment indicators and two of the leadership aspirations and education indicators.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Helitzer et al 68	EWIM MidWIM ELAM	Perceptions of CPD programme alumnae of CPD.	Across all three CPDs leadership aspiration was aligned with career stage; full professors reported more interest in leadership than associate professors (p=0.043).	None	Yes	Yes	Yes
Levine et al 73	Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Leadership Program for Women Faculty	Evaluation of three cohorts of a longitudinal programme.	Significant improvement across 11 leadership domains except: public speaking and working in teams.	Yes	None	None	Used Myers Briggs Type Indicator from the generic leadership literature to ascertain leadership style.
McDade et al 75	ELAM	Measures impact of ELAM programme.	Increased leadership capabilities across all 10 identified constructs.	None	Yes; networking and coalition building.	Yes; conflict resolution, financial management.	Asked about women’s leadership styles.
Skarupski et al 85	Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Leadership Program for Women Faculty	Participants’ perceptions in three areas: programme impact, leadership preparedness and barriers to leadership advancement.	Increased leadership capabilities across four constructs: Foundational skills, personal experience of leadership, sense of professional community and belonging, and networking.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Spalluto et al 86	LIFT-OFF	Report of design, implementation and evaluation of leadership intervention to further the training of female faculty.	31% of educational modules were useful.	None	None	None	None

AAMC, American Association of Medical Colleges; CPD, Continuous professional development programme; ELAM, Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine; EWIM, Early- Career Women Faculty Professional Development Program; LIFT-OFF, Leadership Intervention to Further the Training of Female Faculty.