Table 3.
DM and IGT case-control and cross-sectional studies
| DM | Study | Study population (DM), n | Controls, n | DM with KSD, n (% of DM) | Control with KSD, n (% of No DM) | Study reported unadjusted risk (95% CI) | Study reported adjusted risk (95% CI) | Adjusted for |
| CaCo | Lieske et al 31 | 3561 | 3561 | 335 (9.4%) | 268 (7.5%) | OR 1.29 (1.09 to 1.53) |
OR 1.22 (1.03 to 1.46) |
Age, sex, year of diagnosis, DM, hypertension and obesity |
| Davarci et al 32 | 23 | 177 | 14 (17.5%) | 66 (37.3%) | RR 1.63 (1.12 to 2.39) |
N/A | N/A | |
| XS | Meydan et al 30 | 321 | 115 | 84 (26.2%) | 14 (12.2%) |
OR 2.5
(1.39 to 4.71) (calculated) |
N/A | N/A |
| Taylor et al 27 2005: NHS I (younger female) | 1473 | 74 266 | 64 (4.3%) | 2029 (2.7%) | RR 1.55 (1.20 to 1.99) |
RR 1.38 (1.06 to 1.79) |
Age, BMI, thiazide use, fluid intake, alcohol use, calcium supplementation and diet | |
| Taylor et al 27 2005: NHS II (older female) | 949 | 94 485 | 58 (6.1%) | 3093 (3.3%) | RR 1.84 (1.41 to 2.41) |
RR 1.67 (1.28 to 2.20) |
Age, BMI, thiazide use, fluid intake, alcohol use, calcium supplementation and diet | |
| Taylor et al 27 2005: HFPS (male) | 1568 | 47 737 | 177 (11.3%) | 4002 (8.4%) | RR 1.21 (1.03 to 1.42) |
RR 1.31 (1.11 to 1.54) |
Age, BMI, thiazide use, fluid intake, alcohol use, calcium supplementation and diet | |
| Akoudad et al 29 | 1812 | 10 349 | 183 (18.8%) | 1629 (14.6%) | N/A | PR 1.27 (1.08 to 1.49) |
Age, sex, race, region, waist circumference, triglycerides, hypertension, uric acid, gallstones | |
| Weinberg et al 33 | 1045 (estimated) | 11 065 (estimated) | 182 (17.1%) (estimated) | 884 (8.0%) (estimated) | OR 2.44 (1.84 to 3.25) |
OR 1.76 (1.33 to 2.32) |
Age, sex, race, smoking history, BMI | |
| Sub Total | 10 752 | 241 755 | 1097 (10.2%) | 11 985 (5.0%) | ||||
| IGT in context of MetS | Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) only n (% of total) | IGT with KSD, n (% of IGT) | ||||||
| XS | Rendina et al 34 | 317 (14.9%) | 1815 (calculated estimate) | 43 (13.6%) | 177 (8.7%) (calculated estimate) | N/A | Male: OR 1.1 (0.5 to 2.4) Female: OR 1.1 (0.3 to 1.8) |
Age, waist circumference, high serum triglycerides, low serum HDL, hypertension |
| West et al 35 | 1260 (8.5%) | 7268 (calculated estimate) | 17 (1.3%) | 71 (1.0%) |
OR 1.39
(0.81 to 2.36) (calculated) |
OR 1.27 (0.77 to 2.10) (One metabolic syndrome component) | Sex, race, socioeconomic status, gout, thiazide use, allopurinol use | |
| Jeong et al 37 | 6929 (19.9%) (Quintile 5 -≥104 mg/dL) | 13 700 (Quintile 1 -≤85 mg/dL) | 211 (3.0%) | 240 (1.8%) | OR 1.57 (1.26 to 1.95) |
OR 1.09 (0.87 to 1.37) |
Age, sex, metabolic syndrome components, MetS status | |
| Jung et al 36 | 4192 (10.3%) | 28 692 (calculated estimate) | 102 (2.4%) | 450 (1.6%) (calculated estimate) | 1.26 (1.12 to 1.42) |
OR 1.30 (1.03 to 1.64) |
Age, GFR, serum urate, phosphorous and calcium | |
| Kim et al 38 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Male: OR 1.18 (1.10 to 1.26) Female: OR 1.26 (1.12 to 1.42) |
Male: OR 1.03 (0.97 to 1.11) Female: OR 1.02 (0.90 to 1.16) |
Age, serum creatinine, serum urate, past medical history of KSD | |
| Lee et al 39 | 72 (11.3%) (DM) | 622 | 14 (19.4%) | 71 (11.7%) |
OR 1.87
(0.99 to 3.53) (calculated) |
N/A | N/A | |
| Sub Total | 12 770 (6.1%) | 52 097 | 387 (3.2%) | 1009 (1.9%) | ||||
| Total | 23 522 | 293 852 | 1484 (6.3%) | 12 994 (4.4%) |
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; KSD, kidney stone disease; MetS, metabolic syndrome; N/A, not available; NHS, National Health Service; PR, prevalence ratio; RR, risk ratio.