Table 4.

Costs and consequences of the 3D approach and usual care

Costs and outcomes	Usual care	N	Intervention	N	Difference (95% CI)
Mean costs from the NHS perspective (£)
Practice-based consultations	627	754	726	715	99 (−7 to 205)
Practice-based investigations	45	755	61	717	15 (−6 to 37)
Community-based healthcare	160	615	167	601	7 (−35 to 49)
Inpatient stays	1867	766	1920	722	52 (−470 to 574)
Outpatient visits and day cases	614	766	613	722	−1 (−168 to 167)
Accident and emergency visits	102	766	99	722	−3 (−24 to 19)
Ambulance trips to hospital	131	615	141	601	10 (−56 to 77)
Prescribed medications	1230	755	1221	717	−8 (−220 to 203)
Pharmacy reviews	0	766	8	722	8 (7 to 9)
Intervention set up	0	797	4	749	4 (3 to 5)
Social services	559	615	403	601	−156 (−476 to 164)
All NHS/PSS	4929	609	4746	598	−183 (−923 to 556)
Mean costs from the patient/carer perspective (£)
Prescription charges	5	755	4	717	−2 (−6 to 2)
Travel to GP practice	24	749	34	711	10 (−4 to 24)
Over-the-counter medications	39	615	35	601	−3 (−16 to 9)
Private healthcare	93	615	122	601	29 (−40 to 97)
All patient/carer	162	608	195	597	33 (−35 to 101)
Mean productivity loss (£)
Productivity loss	122	608	161	597	39 (−47 to 125)
Outcomes
QALYs (patient)	0.693	665	0.695	647	0.003 (−0.013 to 0.019)
QALYs (carer)	0.943	41	0.920	50	−0.024 (−0.064 to 0.017)
Deaths	32	749	46	797	p=0.18 (χ2 test)

All costs and consequences are based on available data; the totals from each perspective are not, therefore, equal to the sum of the components. CI were calculated using SEs from standard linear regressions adjusted for cluster at the level of the practice. QALYs were adjusted for baseline utility scores.

CI, confidence interval; GP, general practitioner; NHS, National Health Service; PSS, personal social services; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.