Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Total (n=3564) |
NW group | OW group | |||||
| Overall (n=1543) |
Men (n=819) |
Women (n=724) |
Overall (n=2021) |
Men (n=1124) |
Women (n=897) |
||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (years)* | 70.0±13.7 | 72.1±13.3 | 71.1±12.8 | 73.2±13.8 | 68.4±13.9 | 65.2±13.9 | 72.5±12.6 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 24.0±3.6 | 21.0±1.2 | 21.1±1.2 | 20.9±1.3 | 26.4±3.0 | 26.2±2.9 | 26.6±3.0 |
| Medical history | |||||||
| Hypertension* | 2102 (59.0) | 828 (53.7) | 425 (51.9) | 403 (55.7) | 1274 (63.0) | 657 (58.5) | 617 (68.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus* | 1266 (35.5) | 479 (31.0) | 266 (32.5) | 213 (29.4) | 787 (38.9) | 449 (39.9) | 338 (37.7) |
| Chronic heart failure | 1314 (36.9) | 588 (38.6) | 321 (39.9) | 267 (37.1) | 726 (36.4) | 419 (37.9) | 307 (34.7) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1182 (33.2) | 516 (33.4) | 307 (37.5) | 209 (28.9) | 666 (33.0) | 406 (36.1) | 260 (29.0) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1048 (29.4) | 436 (28.7) | 224 (27.9) | 212 (29.6) | 612 (30.7) | 329 (29.7) | 283 (31.9) |
| Physical examination | |||||||
| SBP (mm Hg)* | 129.5±27.1 | 127.4±26.2 | 126.4±25.8 | 128.4±26.7 | 131.2±27.7 | 129.9±27.7 | 132.7±27.7 |
| DBP (mm Hg)* | 74.7±16.8 | 73.5±16.1 | 74.2±16.1 | 72.8±16.1 | 75.6±17.2 | 75.2±16.5 | 76.0±17.9 |
| NYHA class | |||||||
| I/II | 200 (8.4) | 83 (8.0) | 46 (8.1) | 37 (7.8) | 117 (8.7%) | 68 (9.3) | 49 (8.0) |
| III | 1297 (54.3) | 564 (54.2) | 313 (55.4) | 251 (52.7) | 733 (54.4%) | 397 (54.1) | 336 (54.7) |
| IV | 892 (37.3) | 394 (37.8) | 206 (36.5) | 188 (39.5) | 498 (36.9%) | 269 (36.6) | 229 (37.3) |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||
| Haemoglobin (mg/dL)* | 12.2±2.4 | 12.0±2.3 | 12.6±2.4 | 11.4±2.0 | 12.4±2.4 | 12.9±2.5 | 11.7±2.0 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.6±1.8 | 1.6±1.9 | 1.9±2.0 | 1.4±1.8 | 1.6±1.7 | 1.7±2.0 | 1.3±1.2 |
| BNP (pg/mL)* | 978.0 (463.0–2012.0) |
1044.0 (531.0–2615.0) |
1144.0 (555.0–2618.0) |
1011.5 (501.3–2593.8) |
873.0 (383.5–1726.0) |
864.0 (334.0–1714.5) |
878.5 (421.3–1729.3) |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL)* | 4267.0 (1594.2–10 069.0) |
5612.5 (2163.0–13 708.6) |
5666.0 (2184.7–13 028.9) |
5571.0 (2094.8–14 441.7) |
3324.0 (1264.5–7673.5) |
3045.2 (1264.8–7004.3) |
3639.2 (1257.0–8590.8) |
| Echocardiographic data | |||||||
| LA diameter* | 45.4±9.5 | 44.4±9.9 | 45.2±10.2 | 43.6±9.6 | 46.2±9.0 | 47.0±9.0 | 45.2±9.0 |
| E/e’* | 19.0±11.1 | 20.0±12.7 | 18.9±13.3 | 21.1±11.8 | 18.3±9.7 | 17.7±9.3 | 18.9±10.2 |
| LV-EF (%) | 40.4±15.6 | 38.9±15.2 | 35.9±14.6 | 42.4±15.1 | 41.6±15.8 | 38.0±15.2 | 46.1±15.4 |
| HF phenotype* | |||||||
| HFrEF | 1874 (52.6) | 870 (56.4) | 538 (65.7) | 332 (45.9) | 1004 (49.7%) | 663 (59.0) | 341 (38.0) |
| HFmrEF | 552 (15.5) | 238 (15.4) | 108 (13.2) | 130 (18.0) | 314 (15.5%) | 173 (15.4) | 141 (15.7) |
| HFpEF | 1138 (31.9) | 435 (28.2) | 173 (21.1) | 262 (36.2) | 703 (34.8%) | 288 (25.6) | 415 (46.3) |
| LV-GLS (%)† | 10.8±5.0 | 10.5±5.0 | 9.8±4.8 | 11.3±5.0 | 11.0±5.0 | 10.4±4.8 | 11.9±5.2 |
| LV geometry* | |||||||
| Normal geometry | 238 (7.2) | 72 (5.0) | 58 (7.8) | 14 (2.1) | 166 (8.8) | 133 (12.8) | 33 (3.9) |
| Concentric remodelling | 186 (5.6) | 42 (2.9) | 30 (4.0) | 12 (1.8) | 144 (7.7) | 104 (10.0) | 40 (4.8) |
| Concentric hypertrophy | 1068 (32.3) | 422 (29.6) | 176 (23.5) | 246 (36.2) | 646 (34.4) | 284 (27.2) | 402 ($8.0) |
| Eccentric hypertrophy | 1815 (54.9) | 891 (62.4) | 484 (64.7) | 407 (59.9) | 924 (49.1) | 522 (50.0) | 362 (43.2) |
| Medication at discharge | |||||||
| β blocker* | 2194 (61.6) | 886 (58.1) | 463 (57.6) | 423 (58.8) | 1308 (65.7%) | 729 (65.9) | 579 (65.4) |
| RAS inhibitor† | 2480 (69.6) | 1042 (68.4) | 550 (68.4) | 492 (68.3) | 1438 (72.2%) | 816 (73.8) | 622 (70.3) |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 1601 (44.9) | 672 (44.1) | 330 (41.0) | 342 (47.5) | 929 (46.7%) | 531 (48.0) | 398 (45.0) |
Values given as number (percentage), mean±SD or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
HF phenotypes are defined as follows: HFrEF if the LV-EF is <40%, HFmrEF if the LV-EF is between 40% and 49%, and HFpEF if the LV-EF is ≥50%.
*p<0.001 (between NW and OW groups).
†p<0.01 (between NW and OW groups).
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EF, ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; NW, normal weight; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OW, overweight-to-obese; RAS, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; SBP, systolic blood pressure.