1. Interventions.
| Factors for LA | Type of intervention | Characteristics of the intervention | Studies |
| Equipment factors | |||
| Audiovisual technology | |||
| Visual | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Auditory | Nuvvula 2015 | ||
| Combined visual and auditory | Al‐Halabi 2018; Al‐Khotani 2016; Nuvvula 2015 | ||
| Topical anaesthetic | |||
| Topical anaesthetic agents | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Cooling of injection site | Aminabadi 2009b | ||
| LA | |||
| Gauge of needle | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Temperature of cartridge | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Electronic devices | |||
| Infiltration devices | Allen 2002; Asarch 1999; Baghlaf 2015; Gibson 2000; Kandiah 2012; Mittal 2015; Nieuwenhuizen 2013; Tahmassebi 2009; Versloot 2005; Versloot 2008 | ||
| Intraosseous devices | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Intraligamental devices | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Others | |||
| Needleless devices | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Vibration device | Tung 2018 | ||
| Transcutaneous nerve stimulation | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Camouflage syringe | Ujaoney 2013 | ||
| Dentist factors (non‐pharmacological interventions) | |||
| Imagery suggestion | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Counter‐stimulation/distraction | Abdelmoniem 2016; Aminabadi 2008; Kamath 2013; Lee 2013; Paryab 2014; Tung 2018 | ||
| Systemic desensitisation | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Hypnosis | Carrasco 2017; Huet 2011; Oberoi 2016 | ||
| Others | |||
| Language ‐ non‐threatening words | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Viewing/hiding needle | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Time taken to deliver LA | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Site of injection/order of treatment | We found no eligible studies | ||
| Video modelling | Al‐Namankany 2014; Paryab 2014 | ||
| Breathing techniques | Sridhar 2019 | ||
LA = local anaesthetic.