| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Aghahi 2017 | Adult sample |
| Alamoudi 2016 | Comparison of different types of anaesthesia |
| Aminabadi 2009b | RCT comparing different sites of LA ‐ however, different LA techniques were used, which is not within the remit of this review |
| Ashkenazi 2005 | Delivery of intrasulcular LA ‐ 3 groups each using different behaviour management techniques, including sedation which was not used in all groups |
| Ashkenazi 2006 | Comparison of different techniques for injection of LA (not the remit of this review), using a computerised system |
| Babaji 2017 | No LA administered |
| Baghdadi 2000 | Comparison of different types of anaesthesia |
| Bajric 2015 | Not an RCT |
| Brignardello‐Petersen 2018 | Opinion paper |
| Brownbill 1987 | Randomised study comparing 2 different interventions on different gauge needles with no control group |
| Chan 2012 | Evaluation of pulsed Nd:YAG laser for inducing pulpal analgesia |
| Eren 2013 | No LA administered |
| Fathi 2012 | RCT to study the effect of distraction and counter‐stimulation, however results discuss only type/technique of LA. No results for intervention and therefore does not fit our inclusion criteria |
| Filcheck 2005 | RCT on audiovisual distraction as intervention for children's restorative treatment. No separate data for delivery of LA |
| Gazal 2016 | Adult sample |
| Hembrecht 2013 | Partially cross‐over, no separate data for outcome investigated using a parallel design |
| Hermes 2005 | Includes patients over 18 years old, no separate data for children |
| Hoge 2012 | RCT on the use of video eyewear as intervention, however no separate data for delivery of LA, hence not fitting our inclusion criteria |
| Houpt 1997 | RCT on topical anaesthetics, study included participants over the age of 18 years |
| Klein 2005 | RCT measuring the quality of 2 different techniques of LA and 2 different delivery systems. Quality of LA assessed. Although disruptive behaviour during LA was assessed we felt this study could not be included as it compared 2 different techniques of LA (i.e.: palatal approach anterior superior nerve block and multiple supraperiosteal injections) |
| Koyuturk 2009 | RCT comparing efficacy of LA delivery by 2 dentists, both using the wand and conventional LA. In results and discussion study also compares children's behaviour during delivery of LA using wand or conventional syringe between practitioners and within the same practitioner. Study included children requiring maxillary and mandibular LA but unclear how many children were in each group. Unclear if children received both LAs, and if not, not discussed whether children were seen again for completion of treatment |
| Kuscu 2006 | Assessment of the physical appearance of dental injectors |
| Lodaya 2010 | Study measures transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as a type of anaesthetic. It measures effectiveness, therefore does not fit our inclusion criteria |
| Marwah 2005 | RCT on music intervention. No separate data for each treatment or for delivery of LA |
| Melamed 1976 | RCT looking at the effect of film modelling in reducing disruptive behaviour in children. No separate data for delivery of LA |
| Naidu 2004 | Study investigates different techniques of LA, which is not the remit of this review |
| Nayak 2006 | Study comparing 3 different LA agents |
| NCT01883232 | Assessment of the efficacy of analgesic buffering with sodium bicarbonate |
| NCT03680625 | Medical setting, not dental |
| Oulis 1996 | Study comparing mandibular infiltration versus mandibular block anaesthesia |
| Pedersen 2017 | Adult sample |
| Peretz 1999 | RCT studying the effect of breathing as a distraction technique during delivery of LA. Study excluded as nitrous oxide was used in some but not all subjects |
| Prabhakar 2007 | No separate data for delivery of LA |
| Ram 2006 | RCT comparing 2 different LA techniques delivered using the Wand (palatal approach anterior superior alveolar injection and periodontal ligament injection) and supraperiosteal infiltration using a conventional syringe |
| Ram 2010 | Comparison of behaviour in children using nitrous oxide on one group and using audiovisual glasses on another group. Not RCT |
| Ram 2012 | Different techniques of LA measured over 2 visits, not the remit of this review |
| Roeber 2011 | RCT on the effect of vibrajet. Nitrous oxide sedation used on about half the patients in control and intervention groups. Excluded as per protocol as nitrous oxide not used equally in control and test groups |
| Roghani 1999 | Study evaluating the efficacy of different LA |
| Sammons 2007 | Treatment performed under general anaesthetic and measures effectiveness |
| Shahi 2018 | Adult sample |
| Sharma 2014 | Study evaluating efficacy of different forms of topical anaesthesia |
| Sixou 2008 | It measures effectiveness, not RCT, no control group |
| Sixou 2009 | No control group, not RCT |
| Stecker 2002 | LA not delivered to participants |
| Vika 2009 | Behavioural interventions to increase acceptance of LA in phobic patients over 5 appointments. Intervention in adults |
| Wahl 2001 | Comparison of different anaesthetic solutions, not in our inclusion criteria |
| Wambier 2018 | No LA given (study is for rubber dam clamp placement) |
| Wilson 1999 | No separate data for intraoperative distress during provision of LA |
| Wright 1991 | Not true RCT as sequence determined by a non‐random method |
LA = local anaesthetic; RCT = randomised controlled trial.