Table 1.
Summary characteristics of studies and participants
| Name | Year | Study type | TF/HF/N | Sex | Age | Country | Period | Follow-up (year) | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| van Schoor et al | 2008 | Cohort | 115\0\1311 | Both | ≥ 65 | Netherland | 1992–1993 | 6 | Age, sex, season, education, BMI, number of chronic, diseases, creatinine level, cognition, smoking, and alcohol use |
| Chan et al | 2011 | Cohort | 72\24\712 | Men | ≥ 65 | China | 2001–2003 | 4 | Age, BMI, education, PASE, DQI, smoking status, and alcohol use |
| Nakamura et al | 2011 | Cohort | 51\0\4250 | Women | ≥ 69 | Japan | 2009 | 6 | Age, BMI, BMD, medication of osteoporosis and PA |
| Barbour et al | 2012 | Cohort | 331\84\2614 | Both | ≥ 70 | USA | 1997–1998 | 6.4 | Age, gender, race, education level, season of blood draw, BMI, current drinking, fracture after age 45 and clinical comorbidity index |
| Looker et al | 2013 | Cohort | 525\287\4749 | Both | ≥ 65 | USA | 2000–2004 | 7 | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and survey |
| Bleicher et al | 2013 | Cohort | 123\0\1662 | Men | 70–79 | Australia | 2005–2007 | 4.3 | Age, country of birth, BMI, PA, season of blood draw, previous fracture after age 50 years, calcium and vitamin D supplement, and BMD |
| Tanaka et al | 2014 | Cohort | 382\42\1470 | Women | 63.7 ± 10.7 | Japan | 2003 | 7.2 | BMD, age, weight, diabetes mellitus, PTH, eGFR, prior fracture, back pain, bisphosphonates, SERM, active vitamin D |
| Swanson et al | 2015 | Case cohort | 432\81\1000 | Men | 74.6 ± 6.2 | USA | 2000–2002 | 4.5 | Age, race, site, season, PA, height, weight, baseline hip BMD,1,25(OH)2D measure, and incident falls in the first year of follow-up |
| Cauley et al | 2010 | Case cohort | 436\81\1929 | Men | ≥ 65 | USA | 2000–2002 | 5.3 | Age, race, clinic, season of blood draw, physical activity, weight, and height |
| Bolland et al | 2009 | Cohort | 385\22\1471 | Women | Mean 74 | New Zealand | 1998–2003 | 5 | Treatment allocation (calcium or placebo) and baseline age, body weight, and smoking status |
| Garnero et al | 2007 | Cohort | 134\0\669 | Women | Mean62.2 | France | 1992–1993 | 11.2 | Age, prevalent fracture, and PA |
| deBoer et al | 2012 | Cohort | 0\137\1621 | Both | ≥ 65 | USA | 1992–2006 | 11 | Age, sex, clinical site, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity. |
| Looker et al | 2008 | Cohort | 0\156\1917 | Both | ≥ 65 | USA | 1988–1994 | 6.7 | Age, sex, femoral neck BMD, BMI, previous fracture, dietary calcium, kilocalories, and weight loss from maximum |
|
Steingrimsdottir et al |
2014 | Cohort | 0\261\5471 | Both | ≥ 66 | Iceland | 2002–2006 | 5.4 | Age, sex, body mass index, height, smoking, alcohol intake and season, physical activity |
| Cummings et al | 2013 | Cohort | 271\133\878 | Women | ≥ 65 | USA | 1986–1988 | 5.9 | Age and weight |
| Robinson et al | 2011 | Cohort | 0\242\2249 | Both | ≥ 65 | USA | 1989–2009 | 13 | Age, race, sex, clinic site, a season, education, smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, or current, smoker), alcohol use (any vs. none), diabetes status (normal, impaired fasting glucose, or diabetes), body mass index, self-reported health status, physical activity level, oral steroid use, estrogen use, thiamine and loop diuretic use, serum cystatin C level, and calcium supplement use |
| Holvik et al | 2013 | Case cohort | 0\1175\2526 | Both | ≥ 65 | Norway | 1994–2001 | 10.7 | Age, gender, study center, BMI, and month of blood sample |
| Buchebner et al | 2014 | Cohort | 349\130\1044 | Women | 75 | Sweden | 1995–1999 | 13.1 | smoking, bisphosphonate use, and physical activity level |
| Kauppi et al | 2013 | Cohort | 0\95\3305 | Both | 62.9 | Finland | 2000–2001 | 8.4 | Gender, age, height, weight, BMI, QU, alcohol consumption, smoking, and PA |
| Ginsberg et al | 2018 | Case cohort | 0\289\890 | Both | Mean78 | USA | 1989–2006 | 8.4 | Age, sex, race, season of measurements, site of measurement and BMIeGFR, serum calcium, phosphate and FGF-23 |
TF total fractures, HF hip fractures, N cases