Table 3.
Effect of Baseline and Longitudinal Pulse Rates on Outcomes
| Pulse rate (bpm) | Baseline Crude HR or RRa (95% CI) |
Baseline Multivariablec HR or RRa (95% CI) |
Longitudinal Crude HR or RRb (95% CI) |
Longitudinal Multivariablec HR or RRb (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-Cause Mortality (HR) | 47–59 | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) § | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) § | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) § | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) || |
| 60–63 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) § | 0.86 (0.80–0.94) § | |
| 64–67 | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) § | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) § | |
| 68–71 | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) § | |
| 72–75 | – | – | – | – | |
| 76–79 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) § | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) § | 1.07 (0.99–1.14) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | |
| 80–83 | 1.07 (1.00–1.16) | 1.14 (1.04–1.27) § | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) § | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) § | |
| 84–88 | 1.06 (0.99–1.15) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) § | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) || | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) || | |
| 89–96 | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) § | 1.25 (1.14–1.38) || | 1.41 (1.32–1.52) || | 1.55 (1.42–1.68) || | |
| 97–117 | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) || | 1.43 (1.30–1.58) || | 1.84 (1.71–1.97) || | 2.03 (1.86–2.21) || | |
| All-Cause Hospitalizations (RR) | 47–59 | 0.79 (0.70–0.90) § | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) § | 0.95 (0.87–1.02) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) |
| 60–63 | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) § | 0.93 (0.85–1.03) | |
| 64–67 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) § | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) § | |
| 68–71 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | |
| 72–75 | – | – | – | – | |
| 76–79 | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) § | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | |
| 80–83 | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) || | 1.19 (1.04–1.35) § | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) § | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) § | |
| 84–88 | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) || | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) § | 1.18 (1.09–1.29) || | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) § | |
| 89–96 | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) || | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 1.44 (1.32–1.56) || | 1.43 (1.29–1.59) || | |
| 97–117 | 1.48 (1.32–1.65) || | 1.30 (1.14–1.47) || | 2.06 (1.89–2.25) || | 1.85 (1.66–2.07) || | |
| Heart Failure Hospitalizations (RR) | 47–59 | 0.68 (0.49–0.93) § | 0.68 (0.48–0.97) § | 0.79 (0.57–1.08) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) |
| 60–63 | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) | 0.87 (0.62–1.23) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 0.97 (0.70–1.36) | |
| 64–67 | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) § | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) | 0.65 (0.47–0.89) § | 0.66 (0.50–0.86) § | |
| 68–71 | 0.96 (0.73–1.28) | 1.02 (0.76–1.38) | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | |
| 72–75 | – | – | – | – | |
| 76–79 | 1.18 (0.89–1.56) | 1.23 (0.91–1.64) | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | 1.19 (0.81–1.76) | |
| 80–83 | 1.27 (0.97–1.68) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 1.05 (0.75–1.45) | 1.20 (0.90–1.61) | |
| 84–88 | 1.38 (1.06–1.80) § | 1.23 (0.92–1.64) | 1.06 (0.76–1.46) | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) | |
| 89–96 | 1.33 (1.01–1.74) § | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 1.38 (1.00–1.92) | 1.61 (1.18–2.21) § | |
| 97–117 | 1.85 (1.43–2.39) || | 1.64 (1.24–2.17) § | 2.11 (1.53–2.92) || | 2.29 (1.65–3.17) || |
HR Hazard Ratio, RR Rate Ratio, bpm beats per minute
aPoisson regression model
bNegative Binomial regression model
cMultivariable models were adjusted for age, gender, race, BMI, eGFR, serum potassium, serum sodium, use of beta blockade, ARBs, ACEIs, nitrates, statins, aldosterone antagonists, calcium channel blockers, loop diuretics, and history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, diabetes, stroke/TIA, cardiovascular disease and anemia. The baseline multivariate model was additionally adjusted for baseline LVEF and the longitudinal multivariate was adjusted for development of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter
§p < .05 ||p < .0001